ONLINE AND HYBRID LEARNING MODELS: INNOVATIONS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES IN MODERN EDUCATION
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Abstract
The accelerated evolution of digital technologies, coupled with a paradigm shift in global educational demands, has catalyzed the emergence and institutionalization of online and hybrid learning models. These pedagogical frameworks gained unprecedented traction during and following the COVID-19 pandemic, prompting a reconfiguration of conventional educational practices. This scholarly article delves into the structural design, pedagogical merits, and inherent challenges of online and hybrid modalities. It further evaluates their capacity to facilitate individualized instruction, promote temporal and spatial flexibility, and democratize access to quality education. Simultaneously, the discussion foregrounds persistent obstacles such as the digital divide, learner disengagement, and assessment complexity. The paper concludes by advocating for strategic pedagogical recalibration, comprehensive teacher training, and robust technological infrastructure to ensure equitable and effective model implementation.
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References
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