THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY ON THE BASIS OF THE ‘IRON AND BLOOD’ POLICY

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Boltaev Okhun

Abstract

This article scientifically analyzes the process of the political unification of Germany in the second half of the nineteenth century, the essence of the ‘iron and blood’ policy, and the role of military force and diplomacy in the unification of Germany. The study highlights the causes, course, and consequences of the Austro–Prussian–Danish War, the Gastein Convention, and the Austro–Prussian War, which led to the establishment of the German Empire under Prussian leadership.

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How to Cite

THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY ON THE BASIS OF THE ‘IRON AND BLOOD’ POLICY. (2025). Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Innovations, 4(11), 851-853. https://doi.org/10.55640/

References

1.Otto von Bismarck. Memoirs (Collection of Memoirs and Recollections). Berlin, late nineteenth-century edition.

2.Boris Sokolov. Iron and Blood: The History of German Unification. Moscow: Veche, 2005.

3.A.J.P. Taylor. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918. Oxford University Press, 1954.

4.Gordon Craig. Germany 1866–1945. Oxford University Press, 1978.

5.Martin Kitchen. A History of Modern Germany: 1800–2000. Blackwell Publishing, 2006.

6.Modern History (Nineteenth Century). Textbook for higher educational institutions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent: O‘qituvchi, 2018.

7.Gastein Convention Documents. Vienna, diplomatic collection, 1865.Britannica. “German Unification”, “Otto von Bismarck”, “Schleswig-Holstein Question” maqolalari.

8.Cambridge University Press. The Cambridge Modern History. — Vol. XI–XII. Cambridge, 1909–1910.

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