INTERACTION BETWEEN MICROORGANISMS AND THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM
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Abstract
This scientific article provides an in-depth analysis of the biological, molecular, and functional aspects of the interaction between microorganisms and the human immune system. The human body represents a complex ecosystem that hosts trillions of microorganisms, primarily inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, skin, respiratory system, and mucosal surfaces. This microbiota plays a crucial role in the development, regulation, and balance of the immune system, as well as in protecting the host against pathogenic microorganisms. The article discusses the interaction between innate and adaptive immunity and microorganisms, including mechanisms of pathogen recognition by immune cells, antigen–antibody reactions, and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. It also highlights the role of beneficial microorganisms in the development of immune tolerance, while pathogenic microbes trigger inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the paper examines how disruptions in microbiota composition (dysbiosis) can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, allergic conditions, infectious diseases, and chronic inflammatory disorders. Based on recent advances in immunology and microbiology, the importance of probiotics, prebiotics, and immunotherapy in maintaining immune homeostasis is emphasized. This article is intended to serve as a valuable scientific resource for students and professionals in the fields of medicine, biology, and public health.
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