MODERN INSIGHTS INTO GENETIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF TOOTH DEVELOPMENT
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Abstract
Tooth development is a multifaceted process influenced by genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors [8]. Recent studies have highlighted the roles of specific signaling pathways, such as Wnt, BMP, FGF, and Shh, in regulating tooth morphogenesis and mineralization [9]. Environmental stressors, including nutritional deficiencies and exposure to toxins, can disrupt these pathways, leading to developmental anomalies like molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) [10]. Socioeconomic determinants, such as parental education and income levels, further impact oral health outcomes. This review synthesizes current literature to elucidate the complex interplay of these factors in tooth development.
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