IMPACT OF POLLUTED AMBIENT AIR ON GASTRIC MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND MODERN PERSPECTIVES
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Abstract
Ambient air pollution is widely recognized as a major environmental determinant of chronic non-communicable diseases. Current research has predominantly focused on the adverse effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), toxic gases, and tobacco smoke constituents on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Nevertheless, evidence regarding pollution-related injury of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly gastric tissues, remains fragmented and insufficiently systematized. This review summarizes contemporary concepts of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying gastric morphological alterations associated with polluted air exposure. Special attention is given to inflammatory and degenerative changes, microcirculatory disturbances, and impairment of the mucosal barrier. Additionally, key approaches to morphological assessment and quantitative morphometric analysis are outlined. The roles of oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, neurohumoral dysregulation, and immune responses are discussed, along with perspectives for preventive and corrective strategies.
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