ALLERGIC RHINITIS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RESPIRATORY

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa, induced by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to airborne allergens such as pollen, dust mites, animal dander, and mold spores. It is a highly prevalent condition worldwide, with significant implications for both individual health and public well-being. The pathophysiology of AR involves the activation of mast cells and basophils, leading to the release of histamine, leukotrienes, and other inflammatory mediators. These processes cause classical symptoms such as nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, sneezing, itching, and watery eyes. Beyond local manifestations, allergic rhinitis exerts profound effects on the respiratory system as a whole.

One of the most notable impacts of AR is its association with lower airway diseases, particularly asthma. Studies have demonstrated that patients with untreated or poorly managed AR are at increased risk of developing asthma, indicating a strong pathophysiological link between upper and lower airway inflammation. Furthermore, AR contributes to impaired pulmonary function, sleep disturbances, and reduced exercise tolerance. Chronic nasal obstruction may lead to mouth breathing, altering airway mechanics and promoting pharyngeal collapse, which can exacerbate obstructive sleep apnea.

The burden of AR extends to quality of life, cognitive performance, and productivity, given its interference with normal breathing and sleep. Therefore, early diagnosis and comprehensive management are crucial to mitigating its respiratory consequences. Evidence-based strategies include allergen avoidance, pharmacological treatment (antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists), and immunotherapy, all of which aim to reduce systemic inflammation and protect respiratory health.