SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH IN PITUITARY GLAND PATHOLOGY: CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS
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Abstract
Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from 2000 to 2025. Keywords included “sudden cardiac death,” “pituitary disorders,” “hypopituitarism,” “acromegaly,” “Cushing’s disease,” and “prolactinoma.” A total of 65 studies were analyzed, with emphasis on the pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and management strategies.
Results: The review demonstrates that cortisol excess in Cushing’s disease promotes hypertension, insulin resistance, and myocardial fibrosis, while growth hormone excess in acromegaly leads to left ventricular hypertrophy and arrhythmias. Hypopituitarism increases the risk of adrenal crisis and autonomic imbalance, contributing to premature mortality. Prolactinomas indirectly raise cardiovascular risk through metabolic syndrome and hypogonadism. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment significantly reduce morbidity and mortality, though some residual cardiovascular risk persists even after endocrine control.
Conclusion: Pituitary disorders play a critical role in the development of SCD. Multidisciplinary management, including endocrine therapy and cardiovascular monitoring, is essential for prevention. Further prospective research is needed to identify high-risk patients and establish standardized preventive strategies.
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