AGE-RELATED ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM

Abstract

This article examines the major anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the human organism during ageing. The study is based on a narrative review of scientific and health-related literature concerning structural and functional changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, and renal systems. The reviewed evidence shows that ageing is a natural and progressive biological process characterized by reduced structural integrity, lower functional reserve, and diminished adaptive capacity. These changes do not always indicate disease, but they may increase vulnerability to chronic illness, frailty, reduced mobility, and loss of independence in older adults.  The analysis also indicates that anatomical and physiological changes are closely interconnected. Structural alterations in tissues and organs are usually accompanied by functional modifications, such as reduced cardiovascular efficiency, lower respiratory capacity, loss of muscle strength, slower neurological responses, and weaker homeostatic regulation. At the same time, the rate and severity of these changes vary among individuals depending on physical activity, nutrition, chronic disease burden, healthcare access, and environmental conditions. Therefore, understanding age-related biological changes is essential for promoting healthy ageing, maintaining functional ability, and improving quality of life in older age.