SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE SHAPE OF THE EXTERNAL HUMAN NOSE

Abstract

The external nose is a central facial structure influencing respiration, olfaction, and aesthetics. Sexual dimorphism and age-related changes in nasal morphology are well-documented across populations, with implications for clinical practice (otolaryngology, plastic surgery), forensic anthropology, and anthropometric research. Emphasis is placed on external nasal dimensions (length, height, width, nasolabial angle, nasal projection), patterns of sexual dimorphism, and trajectories of nasal growth and involution from infancy through late adulthood. Males generally present larger absolute nasal dimensions (length, breadth, projection) while females often show relatively narrower nasal bases and more acute nasolabial angles. Sexual differences emerge during puberty and are maintained into adulthood. Aging leads to common morphological trends: increased nasal length and projection due to soft tissue sagging and continued growth of cartilaginous and bony structures, widening of nasal base and alar flaring, and changes in nasal tip rotation (tending toward ptosis). Ethnic and population variation modifies the magnitude and pattern of these changes. Nasal morphology reflects both genetic and environmental influences and undergoes predictable sex- and age-related transformations. Clinicians should consider these dynamics during reconstructive and aesthetic procedures; forensic and anthropological fields should integrate age- and sex-specific models for improved accuracy.