THE REPLICATION MECHANISM OF HIV: MOLECULAR INSIGHTS, HOST CELL TARGETS, AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS
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Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a single-stranded RNA virus from the Retroviridae family, is the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV primarily targets immune cells, particularly CD4+ T-helper cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, using specific surface glycoproteins and co-receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) to enter host cells. Its life cycle is dependent on three essential viral enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. These enzymes facilitate the transformation of viral RNA into DNA, its integration into the host genome, and the production of mature infectious particles. This article provides a comprehensive overview of HIV’s molecular replication strategy, the role of host cell receptors, and the mechanism of novel antiviral agents such as lenacapavir.
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