PREVALENCE AND ETIOLOGICAL AGENTS OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN: A GLOBAL, SOUTH ASIAN, AND CENTRAL ASIAN PERSPECTIVE

Abstract

Bacterial meningitis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, particularly among those under five years of age.¹ Despite substantial reductions in incidence following the introduction of conjugate vaccines, the disease continues to impose a significant burden in low- and middle-income countries.² This review summarizes current evidence on the prevalence and causative organisms of pediatric bacterial meningitis globally, with focused discussion on South Asia and Central Asia. Globally, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) remain the principal pathogens beyond the neonatal period, while Group B Streptococcus and gram-negative bacilli predominate in neonates.³ South Asia continues to report relatively higher incidence rates compared to high-income regions, although vaccine introduction has substantially reduced Hib disease.⁵ Data from Central Asia remain limited, highlighting the need for strengthened surveillance systems.⁸ Sustained vaccination coverage, improved laboratory diagnostics, and regional epidemiological monitoring are critical to further reduce disease burden.²