PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF DRUGS
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are two essential branches of pharmacology that describe the journey of a drug through the body and its biological effects. Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs, while pharmacodynamics focuses on the physiological effects of the drug and its mechanism of action. Understanding these principles is critical for drug development, optimizing therapeutic regimens, and improving patient outcomes. This article reviews the key concepts of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, their interrelationship, and their importance in clinical practice.
Keywords
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, drug action, drug interactions, therapeutic drug monitoring, drug developmentHow to Cite
References
1.Bertino, J. S. (2015). Pharmacokinetics: A tool for drug therapy optimization. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 54(3), 249-261.
2.Wagner, J. G., MacArthur, L. R., & Derendorf, H. (2018). Pharmacokinetics and the first-pass effect: Impact on bioavailability. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 44(5), 708-717.
3.Hancock, D. W., Newby, R. F., & Perham, R. N. (2017). Plasma protein binding and distribution of drugs. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 57(8), 933-945.
4.Hodgson, W. E., & Rose, F. J. (2020). Cytochrome P450 enzyme polymorphisms and their effect on drug metabolism. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 30(9), 371-379.
5.Levy, G., Ball, S. M., & Barry, J. M. (2019). Renal function and drug clearance. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 59(12), 1630-1638.
6.Rang, H. P., Dale, M. M., & Ritter, J. M. (2016). Pharmacology (8th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
7.Gilman, A. G., Goodman, L. S., & Rall, T. W. (2006). The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
