International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics
type: channel
description: Welcome to the International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics (IJPSE), an open-access, international, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing knowledge and promoting scholarly exchange in the fields of political science and economics. Our mission is to provide a platform for researchers, policymakers, and scholars to present and share cutting-edge research, ideas, and analysis on global political and economic issues.
publisher: German International Journals
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics
issn: 2751-9708
copyright: Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
items: GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE RETAIL SECTOR IN UZBEKISTAN
items: REFORMS IN THE BUDGET SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN AND THEIR RESULTS
items: PROBLEMS OF FINANCING THE PENSION SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN
items: WAYS TO INCREASE THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS BASED ON INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
items: WAYS TO IMPROVE COMMERCIAL BANKS’ INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES THROUGH DIGITALIZATION
items: STRENGTHENING INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS THROUGH TAX GOVERNANCE AND POLICY EFFECTIVENESS IN UZBEKISTAN
items: FOUNDATIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICE SECTOR
items: GERMANY'S DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION WITH UZBEKISTAN: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS
items: THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF FREE ECONOMIC ZONES IN ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
items: THE NECESSITY AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENT TO SMALL BUSINESSES
items: A COGNITIVE-PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO POLITICAL PHRASEOLOGY IN AMERICAN AND BRITISH MEDIA
items: ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND PURCHASING DECISIONS IN THE MEDICINAL PLANT PRODUCTS MARKET
items: IMPROVING EFFICIENCY THROUGH THE DIGITALIZATION AND FORECASTING OF MEDICINAL PLANT PRODUCT SALES
items: THE NECESSITY AND IMPORTANCE OF ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS INTO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
items: THE NECESSITY AND IMPORTANCE OF INSURING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
items: CAPITALISM IN THE UNITED STATES AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC PROGRESS AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
items: FINANCIAL MARKETS IN UZBEKISTAN: THE ROLE OF EXCHANGE AND OVER-THE-COUNTER TRADING IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CREDIT RATING IMPROVEMENT (2021–2025)
items: CURRENT STATE AND ANALYSIS OF THE DIGITAL BANKING SERVICES MARKET OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
items: THE PLACE AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC OVERSIGHT WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL CONTROL
items: THE ECONOMIC CONTENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN BANKING PRACTICES
items: PROSPECTS FOR UTILIZING TURKISH EXPERIENCE IN ENHANCING MARKETING ACTIVITIES IN THE FOOTWEAR MARKET OF UZBEKISTAN
items: ECONOMIC MECHANISMS FOR INCREASING INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
items: THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FINANCIAL STABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE FINANCE: EVIDENCE FROM EMERGING MARKETS
items: ENHANCING THE ECONOMIC COMPETENCE OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
items: DO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES TEND TO THRIVE MORE THROUGH AN EMPHASIS ON MARKET-ORIENTED POLICYMAKING OR A STATE-ORIENTED WELFARE SYSTEM?
items: SHAPING THE FUTURE OF COPYRIGHT IN UZBEKISTAN: COMPARATIVE LESSONS FROM THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
items: BALANCING THE SURGES: HOW AI SOLVES THE RENEWABLE INTERMITTENCY PROBLEM FOR UZBEKISTAN’s GRID
items: MOTIVATION FACTORS AND MECHANISMS FOR IMPROVING COMMERCIALIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PRODUCTS BY RESEARCHERS
items: SOVEREIGN DEBT IN ISLAMIC ECONOMICS:SUKUK AS A SHARI'AH-COMPLIANT ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL BONDS —THEORY, GROWTH, AND FISCAL IMPLICATIONS

GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE RETAIL SECTOR IN UZBEKISTAN
type: item
description: This article examines the structural transformation of Uzbekistan's retail sector from 2017 to early 2026, a period marked by significant policy liberalization, institutional reforms, and rapid digitalization. Historically dominated by traditional bazaars and small-scale informal trade, the sector is undergoing a profound shift toward modern retail formats and e-commerce platforms. Key findings indicate that while traditional markets continue to account for the majority of retail turnover, modern trade and digital ecosystems are expanding at double-digit rates, propelled by urban consumption growth and a burgeoning tech-savvy population. Reforms initiated since 2017, progressive institutional opening, and the structural shock of the COVID-19 pandemic have collectively accelerated Uzbekistan's transition from an almost entirely offline retail economy toward modern trade formats and digital commerce. The concurrent entry of international brands, expansion of domestic digital platforms, and ongoing logistics infrastructure upgrades serve as primary drivers of this transformation. Nevertheless, a persistently low e-commerce penetration rate, widespread consumer trust deficits in online transactions, and significant infrastructure gaps across logistics, payments, and last-mile delivery remain the sector's principal constraints on sustainable growth.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: retail sector transformation, e-commerce, modern trade formats, digital commerce
  topic: keywords
creator: Khodjaeva Gulchehra Anvarovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 289
ending page: 299
doi: 10.55640/

REFORMS IN THE BUDGET SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN AND THEIR RESULTS
type: item
description: This article analyzes the processes of reforming the budget system in the Republic of Uzbekistan, their main directions, and the achieved results. In addition, measures aimed at increasing the transparency of the budget process, strengthening fiscal discipline, and expanding the financial independence of regions are discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: state
  topic: keywords
creator: Jabborov U,G’,P.Sh.Usmonov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 285
ending page: 288
doi: 10.55640/

PROBLEMS OF FINANCING THE PENSION SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN
type: item
description: This article examines current issues related to financing the pension system of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as factors affecting its sustainability and effectiveness. It analyzes the growing number of pensioners, insufficient revenues to the Pension Fund, and the impact of the shadow economy and inflation on pension provision. Particular attention is paid to reforming the pension system, studying international experience, and developing proposals for improving pension financing mechanisms in the current economic environment. The study identifies key areas for improving the financial sustainability of Uzbekistan's pension system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: pension system, pension system financing, public finance, Pension Fund, pension provision, financial stability, inflation, shadow economy, pension reform, social protection of the population
  topic: keywords
creator: Ziyaeva G.A.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 282
ending page: 284
doi: 10.55640/

WAYS TO INCREASE THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS BASED ON INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
type: item
description: This article investigates the issues of increasing the investment activity of commercial banks in the securities (stock) market and diversifying bank assets. Mechanisms for allocating liquid bank resources into corporate shares, government, and corporate bonds are analyzed. During the study, Harry Markowitz’s Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) was applied to develop an optimal investment portfolio structure for commercial banks that ensures minimum risk and maximum return. Empirical analysis was conducted using data from the Uzbekistan Currency Exchange and the Republican Stock Exchange “Toshkent.” The article concludes with strategic recommendations for the development of investment banking services in local banks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: commercial banks, stock market, investment portfolio, Markowitz model, diversification, corporate bonds, liquidity, risk and return.
  topic: keywords
creator: Binokulov Firuz Ulug‘bek ugli,Abiyev Davron Ilkhomovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 278
ending page: 281
doi: 10.55640/

WAYS TO IMPROVE COMMERCIAL BANKS’ INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES THROUGH DIGITALIZATION
type: item
description: This study examines the enhancement of commercial banks’ investment activities through the adoption of modern digital technologies, particularly Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data analytics. The research explores the application of digital models in investment portfolio optimization, risk assessment, and forecasting processes. Econometric modeling was conducted using data collected from leading commercial banks operating in Uzbekistan’s financial market. The findings indicate that the integration of intelligent systems into investment decision-making significantly increases profitability while reducing investment risks. The study concludes with practical recommendations aimed at accelerating the digital transformation of the national banking sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: commercial banks, investment activity, digitalization, artificial intelligence, risk management, Big Data, portfolio optimization.
  topic: keywords
creator: Zukhro Mukhammadiyevna Xasanova,Davron Ilkhomovich Abiyev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 274
ending page: 277
doi: 10.55640/

STRENGTHENING INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS THROUGH TAX GOVERNANCE AND POLICY EFFECTIVENESS IN UZBEKISTAN
type: item
description: This study examines how tax policy contributes to investment attractiveness in a reforming emerging economy, using Uzbekistan as a country case over 2021-2025. Rather than treating tax relief as an autonomous determinant of investment, the article advances a tax-governance perspective: investment attractiveness depends on the combined credibility of tax rules, administrative efficiency, disclosure of incentive costs, and the ability to direct capital toward productive activity. The empirical component triangulates annual fixed-capital investment statistics, regional financing structures, tax-administration performance indicators and international policy assessments. Nominal fixed-capital investment increased from UZS 236.6 trillion in 2021 to UZS 591.1 trillion in 2025, equivalent to a 149.8 per cent rise and a compound annual growth rate of 25.7 per cent. The share of non-centralised financing increased from 80.8 per cent to 89.4 per cent, while foreign investments and non-guaranteed foreign loans represented 65.9 per cent of total fixed-capital financing in 2025. At the same time, tax administration indicators show improved collection efficiency: the tax collection cost ratio fell from a 1.53 per cent baseline in 2021 to 0.83 per cent in 2024. The findings suggest that Uzbekistan's investment performance is consistent with an improving fiscal-administrative environment, but the available data do not permit causal attribution to tax incentives alone. The paper argues for a transition from broad exemptions to transparent, performance-based and regularly evaluated investment tax instruments supported by tax-expenditure reporting.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: tax policy; investment attractiveness; tax incentives; foreign investment; tax administration; Uzbekistan; fiscal governance.
  topic: keywords
creator: Xudaybergenova Roza Axmed kizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 640
ending page: 648
doi: 10.55640/

FOUNDATIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICE SECTOR
type: item
description: This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of innovative development in the service sector. It analyzes the role of the service sector in the economy and its key characteristics (intangibility, simultaneous production and consumption, non-storable nature, quality dependent on the human factor, and individualization). It also outlines the concept of innovative development, its specifics in the service sector, and the main areas of service sector modernization based on international experience.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: service sector, innovative development, service economy, servitization, digital transformation, international experience, innovative factors.
  topic: keywords
creator: Jumayeva Nigina Baxtiyor kizi,Dusmatov Begmuhammad Olimjonovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 270
ending page: 273
doi: 10.55640/

GERMANY'S DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION WITH UZBEKISTAN: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS
type: item
description: This article examines the historical evolution, achievements, and future prospects of Germany's development cooperation with Uzbekistan from the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992 to 2026, employing a qualitative historical-analytical framework organized across three chronological periods: the post-independence era (1991–2000), strategic consolidation (2000–2020), and contemporary enhanced cooperation (2020–2026). Drawing on official data from the German Federal Foreign Office, GIZ project reports, DAAD statistics, Uzbekistan's National Statistics Committee, and verified media sources, the analysis focuses on five key sectors: trade and economic cooperation, education and cultural exchange, environmental sustainability, agriculture and water management, and regional security.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Germany-Uzbekistan relations, development cooperation, bilateral trade, German development assistance, GIZ projects, Aral Sea environmental restoration, green economy, German language in Uzbekistan, DAAD scholarships, migration partnership.
creator: Tursunboy Mamatqulov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-13
publication date: 2026-06-13
starting page: 270
ending page: 274
doi: 10.55640/

THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF FREE ECONOMIC ZONES IN ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
type: item
description: This article examines the role and importance of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and promoting sustainable economic development. It analyzes the institutional, legal, and economic mechanisms that make FEZs attractive for international investors, including tax incentives, simplified administrative procedures, developed infrastructure, and favorable business conditions. The study also highlights the impact of FEZs on regional development, employment creation, technology transfer, and export potential enhancement. Furthermore, the paper evaluates international experience and provides insights into how FEZs contribute to increasing the investment attractiveness of national economies, with particular attention to developing countries. The findings suggest that effectively managed FEZs serve as a key tool for improving investment inflows and accelerating economic modernization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Free economic zones, foreign direct investment, investment attractiveness, economic development, tax incentives, export growth, industrial development, regional development, investment policy, economic modernization.
creator: Aziza Egasheva
creator: Behruz Asadov
creator: Ibrohim Djurakulov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-13
publication date: 2026-06-13
starting page: 265
ending page: 269
doi: 10.55640/

THE NECESSITY AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENT TO SMALL BUSINESSES
type: item
description: Small businesses play a crucial role in ensuring economic growth, increasing employment, fostering innovation, and enhancing the competitiveness of national economies. In the context of globalization and increasing international economic integration, attracting foreign investment has become one of the key factors supporting the sustainable development of small business entities. This study examines the necessity of attracting foreign investment to small businesses and analyzes its theoretical foundations. The research explores the economic significance of foreign direct investment (FDI), its impact on productivity, technological advancement, managerial efficiency, and market expansion within the small business sector. Furthermore, the article reviews the main theoretical approaches explaining investment flows, including modernization theory, endogenous growth theory, and investment climate concepts. The findings indicate that foreign investment contributes to the financial stability of small enterprises, facilitates knowledge transfer, and strengthens their integration into global value chains. The study concludes that creating a favorable investment environment and implementing effective institutional mechanisms are essential prerequisites for increasing foreign investment inflows into small businesses and ensuring their long-term competitiveness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Foreign investment; foreign direct investment (fdi); small business; economic development; investment climate; entrepreneurship; innovation; competitiveness; sustainable growth; global value chains; financial resources; investment attractiveness.
creator: Aziza Egasheva
creator: Abdimalikov Foziljon
creator: Ismoilov Ulugʻbek
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-13
publication date: 2026-06-13
starting page: 258
ending page: 264
doi: 10.55640/

A COGNITIVE-PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO POLITICAL PHRASEOLOGY IN AMERICAN AND BRITISH MEDIA
type: item
description: The cognitive and pragmatic aspects of political phraseology in American and British media discourse are investigated in this study. Political pieces from CNN, The Guardian, and the BBC served as the basis for the study. The study examines the role phraseological units play in cognitive framing and political persuasion using Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Cognitive Phraseology, and Critical Discourse Analysis. The results show that conceptual metaphors like POLITICS IS JOURNEY and POLITICS IS GAME play a major role in structuring political phraseology. Important pragmatic tasks like appraisal, persuasion, legitimisation, and ideological framing are carried out by these statements. According to the comparison investigation, American and British media have different communication tactics but similar cognitive tendencies. The study emphasises the usefulness of phraseological units in influencing how the general public perceives political reality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Phraseology, media discourse, cognitive linguistics, pragmatics, political discourse, and conceptual metaphor.
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdiyev Mavlonbek Kholmurot ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-13
publication date: 2026-06-13
starting page: 254
ending page: 257
doi: 10.55640/

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND PURCHASING DECISIONS IN THE MEDICINAL PLANT PRODUCTS MARKET
type: item
description: This article examines the main factors influencing consumer behavior and purchasing decisions in the medicinal plant products market. Based on the results of a survey conducted among residents of Surkhandarya region, consumers’ attitudes toward medicinal plant products, purchasing habits, and the factors affecting their choices were analyzed. The study employed economic-statistical methods, comparative analysis, and factor analysis. The results of the factor analysis revealed that product quality, certification level, packaging quality, information availability, marketing activities, and price significantly influence consumers’ purchasing decisions. The findings demonstrate that product reliability and market information are the most influential factors in shaping purchasing decisions. Furthermore, practical recommendations were developed to enhance consumer trust, improve marketing activities, and promote the development of digital sales channels in the medicinal plant products market.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: medicinal plants, consumer behavior, purchasing decision, factor analysis, marketing, product quality, certification, digital commerce, consumer market, STATA 17.
  topic: keywords
creator: Maftuna Ermatova Arslonbek qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-30
publication date: 2026-05-30
starting page: 647
ending page: 655
doi: 10.55640/

IMPROVING EFFICIENCY THROUGH THE DIGITALIZATION AND FORECASTING OF MEDICINAL PLANT PRODUCT SALES
type: item
description: This article investigates the issues of improving the sales mechanism of medicinal plant products through digitalization and forecasting. During the research process, the current state of the sales system was analyzed, and its main challenges were identified, particularly the insufficient digitalization of sales processes, weaknesses in customer relationship management, and the underdevelopment of demand forecasting mechanisms. Within the research methodology, a systematic approach, economic-statistical analysis, and econometric modeling methods were employed. In particular, sales volume forecasting was carried out using the ARIMA model. The practical results demonstrated that the implementation of digitalization and forecasting approaches in the sales of medicinal plant products significantly enhances business performance. Specifically, sales volume increased from 40 million UZS to 65 million UZS, representing a growth of 62.5%. Based on the research findings, practical recommendations were developed to improve the sales of medicinal plant products. These recommendations include the automation of sales processes, the systematization of customer relationship management, and the adoption of forecasting-based managerial decision-making.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Medicinal plants, sales mechanism, digitalization, forecasting, ARIMA model, sales efficiency, economic analysis, marketing, time series.
  topic: keywords
creator: Maftuna Ermatova Arslonbek qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-05-30
publication date: 2026-05-30
starting page: 640
ending page: 646
doi: 10.55640/

THE NECESSITY AND IMPORTANCE OF ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS INTO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
type: item
description: Foreign investment plays a crucial role in accelerating economic growth, increasing production capacity, and enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy. In the context of globalization and increasing international economic integration, attracting foreign investments has become one of the key priorities for sustainable economic development. This article examines the necessity and significance of attracting foreign investments into the national economy, analyzes their impact on economic modernization, technological advancement, employment generation, and export expansion. The study also highlights the factors influencing foreign investors' decisions and evaluates the economic benefits derived from investment inflows. The findings indicate that foreign investments contribute not only to capital accumulation but also to the transfer of advanced technologies, managerial expertise, and innovative practices. Therefore, creating a favorable investment climate and implementing effective investment policies are essential for ensuring long-term economic stability and development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Foreign investment, national economy, economic growth, investment climate, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic modernization, technological innovation, employment, capital inflow, sustainable development, international investment, competitiveness.
creator: Aziza Egasheva,Ediqulov Abdusamad Voxid og'li,Mambatsoliyev Sardor Azimjon o'g'li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-12
publication date: 2026-06-12
starting page: 248
ending page: 253
doi: 10.55640/

THE NECESSITY AND IMPORTANCE OF INSURING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
type: item
description: Foreign investment plays a crucial role in accelerating economic growth, promoting technological innovation, creating employment opportunities, and enhancing international economic cooperation. However, foreign investors often face various political, economic, legal, and commercial risks that may negatively affect the security and profitability of their investments. In this context, investment insurance serves as an essential mechanism for protecting investors against potential losses arising from unforeseen events. This article examines the necessity and significance of foreign investment insurance, analyzes the major risks associated with foreign investments, and evaluates the role of insurance mechanisms in improving the investment climate. The study also highlights international practices in investment insurance and discusses their relevance for developing economies. The findings indicate that an effective investment insurance system contributes to increasing investor confidence, reducing investment risks, attracting sustainable foreign capital, and supporting long-term economic development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: foreign investment, investment insurance, political risk, economic risk, investor protection, investment climate, risk management, foreign direct investment (FDI), sustainable development, economic growth.
creator: Aziza Egasheva,Maxmudov Diyorbek Shuxrat oʻgʻli,Mambatsoliyev Sardor Azimjon o'g'li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-12
publication date: 2026-06-12
starting page: 241
ending page: 247
doi: 10.55640/

CAPITALISM IN THE UNITED STATES AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC PROGRESS AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
type: item
description: This article examines American capitalism as a historical system that encouraged economic initiative, technological experimentation, and institutional flexibility. The main idea is not to present capitalism as a flawless model, but to explain how the American economic environment created conditions in which private enterprise, competition, investment, scientific research, infrastructure, and consumer demand interacted with one another. In this interaction, the United States gradually moved from a largely agrarian economy to a diversified industrial and post-industrial economy. The article emphasizes the constructive role of entrepreneurship, financial markets, corporate organization, and innovation culture in shaping long-term economic progress. The topic is important because the American experience shows how an economy can develop when productive ambition is connected with practical invention and social mobility. Capitalism in the United States became not only a mechanism of trade and profit, but also a broad environment in which new industries, new technologies, and new forms of work could appear. Its development demonstrates that innovation is rarely born from one source only; it usually grows from the combination of capital, education, labor, risk, law, infrastructure, and public demand.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: American capitalism, economic progress, innovation, entrepreneurship, technological development, United States economy
  topic: keywords
creator: Bektashev Rishat Farhadovich,Rashidov Asilbek Furkat,Khumoyun Khusan Odiljonov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-12
publication date: 2026-06-12
starting page: 235
ending page: 240
doi: 10.55640/

FINANCIAL MARKETS IN UZBEKISTAN: THE ROLE OF EXCHANGE AND OVER-THE-COUNTER TRADING IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CREDIT RATING IMPROVEMENT (2021–2025)
type: item
description: Stocks and bonds are essential to modern financial systems because they allow companies to raise capital and give investors a way to participate in economic growth. In Uzbekistan, these instruments have become more important as the country continues moving from a state-dominated financial structure toward a more market-oriented system. This article examines the growth of Uzbekistan’s financial markets between 2021 and 2025, with special attention to exchange trading, corporate bonds, listed companies, and sovereign credit ratings. The evidence shows that the Tashkent Republican Stock Exchange reached UZS 12 trillion in trading volume in the first half of 2025, a 17-fold increase compared with the same period in 2024, while total market capitalization rose to UZS 242.8 trillion. At the same time, Fitch upgraded Uzbekistan’s sovereign credit rating from “BB-” to “BB,” and later revised the outlook to positive, reflecting stronger reform momentum, better macroeconomic stability, and improved investor confidence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: stocks, bonds, financial markets, Uzbekistan, credit rating, exchange trading, over-the-counter market, Fitch, Tashkent Republican Stock Exchange, privatization, market-oriented economy
  topic: keywords
creator: Ne’matova Ruhshona Fayzulla qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-12
publication date: 2026-06-12
starting page: 229
ending page: 234
doi: 10.55640/

CURRENT STATE AND ANALYSIS OF THE DIGITAL BANKING SERVICES MARKET OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
type: item
description: The article analyzes ways to improve digital banking services. By using digital technologies, it is possible not only to restructure management and business processes, but also to implement a number of innovations that will ease human life in the banking sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Banking, digital banking, banking services, legal entity, individual, transformation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Yo’ldosheva Iroda Ibodulla qizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-12
publication date: 2026-06-12
starting page: 229
ending page: 234
doi: 10.55640/

THE PLACE AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC OVERSIGHT WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL CONTROL
type: item
description: This article analyzes the distinctive features of social control and public oversight, as well as the place and functions of public oversight within the system of social control. The main objective of the study is to identify the role of public oversight in the social control system and to examine its principal functions from a theoretical and methodological perspective. The research seeks to answer the following questions: What position does public oversight occupy within the system of social control? What functions does it perform? How does it differ from other forms of control? The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the theoretical foundations and practical significance of public oversight as an essential mechanism for ensuring transparency, accountability, and democratic governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: public oversight, social control, control system, functions, democratic governance, civil society, law and ethics, subjects of public oversight.
  topic: keywords
creator: Obid Haydarov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-11
publication date: 2026-06-11
starting page: 224
ending page: 228
doi: 10.55640/

THE ECONOMIC CONTENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN BANKING PRACTICES
type: item
description: This article reveals the economic content of artificial intelligence and digital technologies, and studies the areas of their application in banking practice. The study is based on the essence of artificial intelligence and digital technologies as an economic category, their role as a new factor of production, and their role in creating added value and reducing transaction costs. The application of these technologies in the banking system in such main areas as credit scoring, risk management, fraud detection, customer service, and process automation is systematically classified. The economic efficiency of these technologies is also analyzed, and scientific and practical proposals for the development of the industry are developed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence, digital technologies, economic content, banking practice, credit scoring, risk management, transaction costs, financial technologies, digital economy, automation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Tursunov F.M,Abduvaliyev Samandar Sherzod ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-11
publication date: 2026-06-11
starting page: 219
ending page: 223
doi: 10.55640/

PROSPECTS FOR UTILIZING TURKISH EXPERIENCE IN ENHANCING MARKETING ACTIVITIES IN THE FOOTWEAR MARKET OF UZBEKISTAN
type: item
description: This article provides a scientific analysis of the prospects for enhancing marketing activities in the Uzbekistan footwear market through the application of Turkish experience. Drawing upon SWOT and PESTEL analytical frameworks, the study conducts a comparative assessment of the footwear industries of both countries. Although Uzbekistan’s leather and footwear industry possesses significant development potential, several challenges persist, including weak branding capabilities, limited design innovation, and the absence of competitive marketing strategies. The achievements of the Turkish footwear industry over recent decades-particularly its geographical advantages, flexible production systems, and substantial investments in design and research and development (R&D) - may serve as a strategic model for Uzbekistan. Based on the findings, the article develops evidence-based recommendations aimed at strengthening market segmentation, brand development, digital marketing practices, and export-oriented strategies within Uzbekistan’s footwear sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: footwear market, marketing activities, SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, Turkish experience, Uzbekistan, branding, export strategy, leather and footwear industry.
  topic: keywords
creator: Shovdirov Toxirmalik Nafasovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-11
publication date: 2026-06-11
starting page: 207
ending page: 218
doi: 10.55640/

THE ECONOMIC CONTENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN BANKING PRACTICES
type: item
description: This article reveals the economic content of artificial intelligence and digital technologies, and studies the areas of their application in banking practice. The study is based on the essence of artificial intelligence and digital technologies as an economic category, their role as a new factor of production, and their role in creating added value and reducing transaction costs. The application of these technologies in the banking system in such main areas as credit scoring, risk management, fraud detection, customer service, and process automation is systematically classified. The economic efficiency of these technologies is also analyzed, and scientific and practical proposals for the development of the industry are developed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence, digital technologies, economic content, banking practice, credit scoring, risk management, transaction costs, financial technologies, digital economy, automation.
  topic: keywords
creator: Abduvaliyev Samandar Sherzod o’g’li,Tursunov F.M.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-11
publication date: 2026-06-11
starting page: 202
ending page: 206
doi: 10.55640/

ECONOMIC MECHANISMS FOR INCREASING INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
type: item
description: This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the economic mechanisms for increasing investment efficiency within the digital economy. During our research, we examined the impact of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, big data, electronic platforms, and digital management systems on investment processes. We also paid special attention to the role of digital technologies in the effective use of investment resources, reducing investment risks, further improving the quality of investment decision-making, and enhancing the attractiveness of the investment climate. Based on the research results, we have also developed a number of practical recommendations for increasing investment efficiency in the context of digital transformation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Digital economy, investment efficiency, digital transformation, investment policy, innovation, artificial intelligence, Big Data, investment environment, economic growth, digital technologies, investment risks, competitiveness.
creator: Doniyev Shahob Utkir ugli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-11
publication date: 2026-06-11
starting page: 198
ending page: 201
doi: 10.55640/

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FINANCIAL STABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE FINANCE: EVIDENCE FROM EMERGING MARKETS
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming the financial sector by improving operational efficiency, risk assessment, and decision-making processes. While AI offers significant benefits for financial institutions, concerns remain regarding its potential impact on financial stability and sustainable finance. This study examines the relationship between AI adoption, financial stability, and sustainable finance in emerging markets. Drawing on existing theoretical and empirical literature, it develops a conceptual framework to explore how AI contributes to risk management, financial resilience, and sustainability outcomes. The findings suggest that AI can enhance financial stability through improved predictive analytics, fraud detection, and resource allocation efficiency. In addition, AI supports sustainable finance by strengthening ESG assessment and sustainability-related decision-making. However, inadequate regulation and excessive reliance on AI systems may increase systemic risks and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The study emphasizes the importance of effective governance and regulatory frameworks to maximize the benefits of AI while mitigating potential risks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence, Financial Stability, Sustainable Finance, Emerging Markets, Financial Innovation, Risk Management.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sabokhat Mirzaakhmedova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-11
publication date: 2026-06-11
starting page: 185
ending page: 197
doi: 10.55640/

ENHANCING THE ECONOMIC COMPETENCE OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
type: item
description: ABSTRACT. The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of developing the economic competence of future specialists in the context of contemporary socio-economic transformations. Particular attention is paid to the growing importance of economic competence in ensuring the professional competitiveness of graduates and their successful adaptation to labor market requirements. The study analyzes the concepts of competence and competency, explores various scientific approaches to the interpretation of economic competence, and identifies its essential structural components.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Keywords: economic competence, future specialists, competency-based approach, higher education, professional training, economic literacy, economic thinking, digital competence, entrepreneurship education, project-based learning, professional competence, labor market competitiveness.
creator: Jumayeva Zulfiya Qayumovna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 180
ending page: 184
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20618196

DO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES TEND TO THRIVE MORE THROUGH AN EMPHASIS ON MARKET-ORIENTED POLICYMAKING OR A STATE-ORIENTED WELFARE SYSTEM?
type: item
description: This article examines two different policymaking strategies in developed countries, market-oriented policymaking and state-oriented welfare systems. It defines the key principles of both models and investigates the advantages and disadvantages of each of them in solving the issue of economic performance and social welfare. The article discusses the central question of whether developed countries tend to thrive more through an emphasis on market-oriented policymaking or a state-oriented welfare system, with case examples. The essay argues that both of the approaches are ineffective in their own way; the most appropriate strategy is the balanced combination of market mechanisms and welfare policies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Market-oriented policymaking, state-oriented welfare system, economic policy, welfare state, developed nations, government intervention, social market economy.
  topic: keywords
creator: Khikmatov Behruz Bekzod o‘g‘li
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-09
publication date: 2026-06-09
starting page: 174
ending page: 179
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20618168

SHAPING THE FUTURE OF COPYRIGHT IN UZBEKISTAN: COMPARATIVE LESSONS FROM THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
type: item
description: Across the past two decades, Uzbekistan has made meaningful progress toward a modern copyright regime. The 2006 Law on Copyright and Related Rights, the country’s entry into the Berne Convention and the WIPO treaties, and a sustained reform program in recent years together point in a clear direction. Even so, the task is unfinished. Digital life has outpaced the tools available to enforce rights, and a great many Uzbek authors remain unsure how to safeguard what they create online. This paper is offered in a spirit of patient learning. Writing as an Uzbek lawyer studying intellectual property at Penn State Law, I have examined closely how the United States manages digital copyright—what it does well, where it falls short, and what it has to teach. The paper sets the two systems carefully alongside one another and poses a straightforward question: which features of the American experience could help Uzbekistan advance? It puts forward five practical, good-faith reforms—a notice-and-takedown procedure, a repeat-infringer rule for online platforms, an accreditation scheme for collective rights organizations under Article 56 of our Copyright Law, a shared public system for protecting works online, and an early, considered framework for artificial intelligence. Not one of these reforms asks us to set aside our legal traditions. Each simply supplies the working tools our authors and creators require.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Uzbekistan, copyright reform, digital media, DMCA, comparative law, collective management, artificial intelligence.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nuriddin Khudoyberdiev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-25
publication date: 2026-02-25
starting page: 900
ending page: 908
doi: 10.55640/

BALANCING THE SURGES: HOW AI SOLVES THE RENEWABLE INTERMITTENCY PROBLEM FOR UZBEKISTAN’s GRID
type: item
description: This article examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing the intermittency challenge of renewable energy sources (RES) within Uzbekistan’s national power system. As Uzbekistan advances toward its strategic target of achieving 25 GW of installed renewable energy capacity by 2030, the stochastic generation characteristics of solar photovoltaic and wind power systems pose significant risks to grid stability, frequency regulation, and dispatch efficiency. The study analyses AI-based forecasting systems, real-time load balancing algorithms, smart grid technologies, battery energy storage systems (BESS), and digital energy management infrastructure. A comparative assessment is conducted using international experiences from Germany, China, the UAE, South Korea, and the European Union. The findings demonstrate that Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks, Deep Q-Learning algorithms, and AI-driven digital twin technologies can reduce renewable energy forecasting errors to below 5% under Uzbekistan’s climatic and operational conditions. The article further proposes practical recommendations, institutional reform measures, and policy directions aimed at accelerating the transition toward an AI-optimised and digitally managed energy system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence, smart grid, renewable energy, intermittency, load balancing, LSTM, battery energy storage systems, Uzbekistan energy reform, digital transformation, predictive analytics.
  topic: keywords
creator: Komila Sanaqulovna Nuraliyeva
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-08
publication date: 2026-06-08
starting page: 163
ending page: 173
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20600687

MOTIVATION FACTORS AND MECHANISMS FOR IMPROVING COMMERCIALIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PRODUCTS BY RESEARCHERS
type: item
description: This study examines the motivation factors and mechanisms influencing researchers’ engagement in the commercialization of scientific and technical products in higher education institutions of Uzbekistan. Based on a survey of 245 academic staff from eight universities, the study identifies four key motivational dimensions through principal component analysis: research resources, academic recognition, financial incentives, and professional development. The most significant barrier is excessive workload and lack of time. A four-component motivation mechanism model is proposed, integrating institutional support, financial incentives, academic recognition, and professional development. The findings highlight that in the Uzbek context, access to research resources plays a more critical role than purely financial incentives, distinguishing it from many developed countries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: researcher motivation, technology commercialization, university innovation, intellectual property policy, academic entrepreneurship, Uzbekistan higher education, innovation ecosystem, technology transfer
creator: Safarov Bekzod Istamovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-08
publication date: 2026-06-08
starting page: 159
ending page: 162
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20600570

SOVEREIGN DEBT IN ISLAMIC ECONOMICS:SUKUK AS A SHARI'AH-COMPLIANT ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL BONDS —THEORY, GROWTH, AND FISCAL IMPLICATIONS
type: item
description: Contemporary Islamic states confront a fundamental tension between developmental financing requirements and the Shari'ah prohibition on riba (interest-based debt). This paper examines how sovereign sukuk—Shari'ah-compliant capital market instruments backed by tangible assets or usufruct rights—have emerged as the primary mechanism for resolving this tension. Using data from the International Islamic Financial Market (IIFM), the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), and official fiscal statistics for seven OIC member states (2017–2022), we document the rapid growth of the sovereign sukuk market from USD 210.3 billion in annual issuance (2017) to USD 418.8 billion (2022). Our comparative analysis reveals that countries with sukuk-to-total-debt ratios exceeding 30% demonstrate lower borrowing costs and broader investor bases. However, we identify a critical governance risk: the growing use of synthetic sukuk structures that replicate conventional bond economics without genuine asset transfer. We conclude with recommendations for strengthening sukuk governance to ensure Shari'ah integrity while supporting Islamic states' fiscal sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sovereign sukuk, Islamic public debt, riba prohibition, OIC fiscal policy, Shari'ah-compliant finance, Islamic Development Bank
  topic: keywords
creator: Baratov Sadulla Norjigitovich
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-08
publication date: 2026-06-08
starting page: 153
ending page: 158
doi: 10.55640/