International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics
Welcome to the International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics (IJPSE), an open-access, international, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing knowledge and promoting scholarly exchange in the fields of political science and economics. Our mission is to provide a platform for researchers, policymakers, and scholars to present and share cutting-edge research, ideas, and analysis on global political and economic issues.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE RETAIL SECTOR IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the structural transformation of Uzbekistan's retail sector from 2017 to early 2026, a period marked by significant policy liberalization, institutional reforms, and rapid digitalization. Historically dominated by traditional bazaars and small-scale informal trade, the sector is undergoing a profound shift toward modern retail formats and e-commerce platforms. Key findings indicate that while traditional markets continue to account for the majority of retail turnover, modern trade and digital ecosystems are expanding at double-digit rates, propelled by urban consumption growth and a burgeoning tech-savvy population. Reforms initiated since 2017, progressive institutional opening, and the structural shock of the COVID-19 pandemic have collectively accelerated Uzbekistan's transition from an almost entirely offline retail economy toward modern trade formats and digital commerce. The concurrent entry of international brands, expansion of domestic digital platforms, and ongoing logistics infrastructure upgrades serve as primary drivers of this transformation. Nevertheless, a persistently low e-commerce penetration rate, widespread consumer trust deficits in online transactions, and significant infrastructure gaps across logistics, payments, and last-mile delivery remain the sector's principal constraints on sustainable growth.
Keywords: retail sector transformation, e-commerce, modern trade formats, digital commerce
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REFORMS IN THE BUDGET SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN AND THEIR RESULTS
This article analyzes the processes of reforming the budget system in the Republic of Uzbekistan, their main directions, and the achieved results. In addition, measures aimed at increasing the transparency of the budget process, strengthening fiscal discipline, and expanding the financial independence of regions are discussed.
PROBLEMS OF FINANCING THE PENSION SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines current issues related to financing the pension system of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as factors affecting its sustainability and effectiveness. It analyzes the growing number of pensioners, insufficient revenues to the Pension Fund, and the impact of the shadow economy and inflation on pension provision. Particular attention is paid to reforming the pension system, studying international experience, and developing proposals for improving pension financing mechanisms in the current economic environment. The study identifies key areas for improving the financial sustainability of Uzbekistan's pension system.
pension system, pension system financing, public finance, Pension Fund, pension provision, financial stability, inflation, shadow economy, pension reform, social protection of the population
WAYS TO INCREASE THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS BASED ON INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE
This article investigates the issues of increasing the investment activity of commercial banks in the securities (stock) market and diversifying bank assets. Mechanisms for allocating liquid bank resources into corporate shares, government, and corporate bonds are analyzed. During the study, Harry Markowitz’s Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) was applied to develop an optimal investment portfolio structure for commercial banks that ensures minimum risk and maximum return. Empirical analysis was conducted using data from the Uzbekistan Currency Exchange and the Republican Stock Exchange “Toshkent.” The article concludes with strategic recommendations for the development of investment banking services in local banks.
commercial banks, stock market, investment portfolio, Markowitz model, diversification, corporate bonds, liquidity, risk and return.
Binokulov Firuz Ulug‘bek ugli,Abiyev Davron Ilkhomovich
WAYS TO IMPROVE COMMERCIAL BANKS’ INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES THROUGH DIGITALIZATION
This study examines the enhancement of commercial banks’ investment activities through the adoption of modern digital technologies, particularly Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data analytics. The research explores the application of digital models in investment portfolio optimization, risk assessment, and forecasting processes. Econometric modeling was conducted using data collected from leading commercial banks operating in Uzbekistan’s financial market. The findings indicate that the integration of intelligent systems into investment decision-making significantly increases profitability while reducing investment risks. The study concludes with practical recommendations aimed at accelerating the digital transformation of the national banking sector.
commercial banks, investment activity, digitalization, artificial intelligence, risk management, Big Data, portfolio optimization.
Zukhro Mukhammadiyevna Xasanova,Davron Ilkhomovich Abiyev
STRENGTHENING INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS THROUGH TAX GOVERNANCE AND POLICY EFFECTIVENESS IN UZBEKISTAN
This study examines how tax policy contributes to investment attractiveness in a reforming emerging economy, using Uzbekistan as a country case over 2021-2025. Rather than treating tax relief as an autonomous determinant of investment, the article advances a tax-governance perspective: investment attractiveness depends on the combined credibility of tax rules, administrative efficiency, disclosure of incentive costs, and the ability to direct capital toward productive activity. The empirical component triangulates annual fixed-capital investment statistics, regional financing structures, tax-administration performance indicators and international policy assessments. Nominal fixed-capital investment increased from UZS 236.6 trillion in 2021 to UZS 591.1 trillion in 2025, equivalent to a 149.8 per cent rise and a compound annual growth rate of 25.7 per cent. The share of non-centralised financing increased from 80.8 per cent to 89.4 per cent, while foreign investments and non-guaranteed foreign loans represented 65.9 per cent of total fixed-capital financing in 2025. At the same time, tax administration indicators show improved collection efficiency: the tax collection cost ratio fell from a 1.53 per cent baseline in 2021 to 0.83 per cent in 2024. The findings suggest that Uzbekistan's investment performance is consistent with an improving fiscal-administrative environment, but the available data do not permit causal attribution to tax incentives alone. The paper argues for a transition from broad exemptions to transparent, performance-based and regularly evaluated investment tax instruments supported by tax-expenditure reporting.
tax policy; investment attractiveness; tax incentives; foreign investment; tax administration; Uzbekistan; fiscal governance.
FOUNDATIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICE SECTOR
This article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of innovative development in the service sector. It analyzes the role of the service sector in the economy and its key characteristics (intangibility, simultaneous production and consumption, non-storable nature, quality dependent on the human factor, and individualization). It also outlines the concept of innovative development, its specifics in the service sector, and the main areas of service sector modernization based on international experience.
service sector, innovative development, service economy, servitization, digital transformation, international experience, innovative factors.
Jumayeva Nigina Baxtiyor kizi,Dusmatov Begmuhammad Olimjonovich
GERMANY'S DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION WITH UZBEKISTAN: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPECTS
This article examines the historical evolution, achievements, and future prospects of Germany's development cooperation with Uzbekistan from the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992 to 2026, employing a qualitative historical-analytical framework organized across three chronological periods: the post-independence era (1991–2000), strategic consolidation (2000–2020), and contemporary enhanced cooperation (2020–2026). Drawing on official data from the German Federal Foreign Office, GIZ project reports, DAAD statistics, Uzbekistan's National Statistics Committee, and verified media sources, the analysis focuses on five key sectors: trade and economic cooperation, education and cultural exchange, environmental sustainability, agriculture and water management, and regional security.
Germany-Uzbekistan relations, development cooperation, bilateral trade, German development assistance, GIZ projects, Aral Sea environmental restoration, green economy, German language in Uzbekistan, DAAD scholarships, migration partnership.
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF FREE ECONOMIC ZONES IN ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
This article examines the role and importance of Free Economic Zones (FEZs) in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and promoting sustainable economic development. It analyzes the institutional, legal, and economic mechanisms that make FEZs attractive for international investors, including tax incentives, simplified administrative procedures, developed infrastructure, and favorable business conditions. The study also highlights the impact of FEZs on regional development, employment creation, technology transfer, and export potential enhancement. Furthermore, the paper evaluates international experience and provides insights into how FEZs contribute to increasing the investment attractiveness of national economies, with particular attention to developing countries. The findings suggest that effectively managed FEZs serve as a key tool for improving investment inflows and accelerating economic modernization.
Free economic zones, foreign direct investment, investment attractiveness, economic development, tax incentives, export growth, industrial development, regional development, investment policy, economic modernization.
THE NECESSITY AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENT TO SMALL BUSINESSES
Small businesses play a crucial role in ensuring economic growth, increasing employment, fostering innovation, and enhancing the competitiveness of national economies. In the context of globalization and increasing international economic integration, attracting foreign investment has become one of the key factors supporting the sustainable development of small business entities. This study examines the necessity of attracting foreign investment to small businesses and analyzes its theoretical foundations. The research explores the economic significance of foreign direct investment (FDI), its impact on productivity, technological advancement, managerial efficiency, and market expansion within the small business sector. Furthermore, the article reviews the main theoretical approaches explaining investment flows, including modernization theory, endogenous growth theory, and investment climate concepts. The findings indicate that foreign investment contributes to the financial stability of small enterprises, facilitates knowledge transfer, and strengthens their integration into global value chains. The study concludes that creating a favorable investment environment and implementing effective institutional mechanisms are essential prerequisites for increasing foreign investment inflows into small businesses and ensuring their long-term competitiveness.
Foreign investment; foreign direct investment (fdi); small business; economic development; investment climate; entrepreneurship; innovation; competitiveness; sustainable growth; global value chains; financial resources; investment attractiveness.
A COGNITIVE-PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO POLITICAL PHRASEOLOGY IN AMERICAN AND BRITISH MEDIA
The cognitive and pragmatic aspects of political phraseology in American and British media discourse are investigated in this study. Political pieces from CNN, The Guardian, and the BBC served as the basis for the study. The study examines the role phraseological units play in cognitive framing and political persuasion using Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Cognitive Phraseology, and Critical Discourse Analysis. The results show that conceptual metaphors like POLITICS IS JOURNEY and POLITICS IS GAME play a major role in structuring political phraseology. Important pragmatic tasks like appraisal, persuasion, legitimisation, and ideological framing are carried out by these statements. According to the comparison investigation, American and British media have different communication tactics but similar cognitive tendencies. The study emphasises the usefulness of phraseological units in influencing how the general public perceives political reality.
Phraseology, media discourse, cognitive linguistics, pragmatics, political discourse, and conceptual metaphor.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND PURCHASING DECISIONS IN THE MEDICINAL PLANT PRODUCTS MARKET
This article examines the main factors influencing consumer behavior and purchasing decisions in the medicinal plant products market. Based on the results of a survey conducted among residents of Surkhandarya region, consumers’ attitudes toward medicinal plant products, purchasing habits, and the factors affecting their choices were analyzed. The study employed economic-statistical methods, comparative analysis, and factor analysis. The results of the factor analysis revealed that product quality, certification level, packaging quality, information availability, marketing activities, and price significantly influence consumers’ purchasing decisions. The findings demonstrate that product reliability and market information are the most influential factors in shaping purchasing decisions. Furthermore, practical recommendations were developed to enhance consumer trust, improve marketing activities, and promote the development of digital sales channels in the medicinal plant products market.
medicinal plants, consumer behavior, purchasing decision, factor analysis, marketing, product quality, certification, digital commerce, consumer market, STATA 17.
IMPROVING EFFICIENCY THROUGH THE DIGITALIZATION AND FORECASTING OF MEDICINAL PLANT PRODUCT SALES
This article investigates the issues of improving the sales mechanism of medicinal plant products through digitalization and forecasting. During the research process, the current state of the sales system was analyzed, and its main challenges were identified, particularly the insufficient digitalization of sales processes, weaknesses in customer relationship management, and the underdevelopment of demand forecasting mechanisms. Within the research methodology, a systematic approach, economic-statistical analysis, and econometric modeling methods were employed. In particular, sales volume forecasting was carried out using the ARIMA model. The practical results demonstrated that the implementation of digitalization and forecasting approaches in the sales of medicinal plant products significantly enhances business performance. Specifically, sales volume increased from 40 million UZS to 65 million UZS, representing a growth of 62.5%. Based on the research findings, practical recommendations were developed to improve the sales of medicinal plant products. These recommendations include the automation of sales processes, the systematization of customer relationship management, and the adoption of forecasting-based managerial decision-making.
Medicinal plants, sales mechanism, digitalization, forecasting, ARIMA model, sales efficiency, economic analysis, marketing, time series.
THE NECESSITY AND IMPORTANCE OF ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS INTO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Foreign investment plays a crucial role in accelerating economic growth, increasing production capacity, and enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy. In the context of globalization and increasing international economic integration, attracting foreign investments has become one of the key priorities for sustainable economic development. This article examines the necessity and significance of attracting foreign investments into the national economy, analyzes their impact on economic modernization, technological advancement, employment generation, and export expansion. The study also highlights the factors influencing foreign investors' decisions and evaluates the economic benefits derived from investment inflows. The findings indicate that foreign investments contribute not only to capital accumulation but also to the transfer of advanced technologies, managerial expertise, and innovative practices. Therefore, creating a favorable investment climate and implementing effective investment policies are essential for ensuring long-term economic stability and development.
Foreign investment, national economy, economic growth, investment climate, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic modernization, technological innovation, employment, capital inflow, sustainable development, international investment, competitiveness.
Aziza Egasheva,Ediqulov Abdusamad Voxid og'li,Mambatsoliyev Sardor Azimjon o'g'li
THE NECESSITY AND IMPORTANCE OF INSURING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
Foreign investment plays a crucial role in accelerating economic growth, promoting technological innovation, creating employment opportunities, and enhancing international economic cooperation. However, foreign investors often face various political, economic, legal, and commercial risks that may negatively affect the security and profitability of their investments. In this context, investment insurance serves as an essential mechanism for protecting investors against potential losses arising from unforeseen events. This article examines the necessity and significance of foreign investment insurance, analyzes the major risks associated with foreign investments, and evaluates the role of insurance mechanisms in improving the investment climate. The study also highlights international practices in investment insurance and discusses their relevance for developing economies. The findings indicate that an effective investment insurance system contributes to increasing investor confidence, reducing investment risks, attracting sustainable foreign capital, and supporting long-term economic development.
foreign investment, investment insurance, political risk, economic risk, investor protection, investment climate, risk management, foreign direct investment (FDI), sustainable development, economic growth.
Aziza Egasheva,Maxmudov Diyorbek Shuxrat oʻgʻli,Mambatsoliyev Sardor Azimjon o'g'li
CAPITALISM IN THE UNITED STATES AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC PROGRESS AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
This article examines American capitalism as a historical system that encouraged economic initiative, technological experimentation, and institutional flexibility. The main idea is not to present capitalism as a flawless model, but to explain how the American economic environment created conditions in which private enterprise, competition, investment, scientific research, infrastructure, and consumer demand interacted with one another. In this interaction, the United States gradually moved from a largely agrarian economy to a diversified industrial and post-industrial economy. The article emphasizes the constructive role of entrepreneurship, financial markets, corporate organization, and innovation culture in shaping long-term economic progress. The topic is important because the American experience shows how an economy can develop when productive ambition is connected with practical invention and social mobility. Capitalism in the United States became not only a mechanism of trade and profit, but also a broad environment in which new industries, new technologies, and new forms of work could appear. Its development demonstrates that innovation is rarely born from one source only; it usually grows from the combination of capital, education, labor, risk, law, infrastructure, and public demand.
American capitalism, economic progress, innovation, entrepreneurship, technological development, United States economy
Bektashev Rishat Farhadovich,Rashidov Asilbek Furkat,Khumoyun Khusan Odiljonov
FINANCIAL MARKETS IN UZBEKISTAN: THE ROLE OF EXCHANGE AND OVER-THE-COUNTER TRADING IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND CREDIT RATING IMPROVEMENT (2021–2025)
Stocks and bonds are essential to modern financial systems because they allow companies to raise capital and give investors a way to participate in economic growth. In Uzbekistan, these instruments have become more important as the country continues moving from a state-dominated financial structure toward a more market-oriented system. This article examines the growth of Uzbekistan’s financial markets between 2021 and 2025, with special attention to exchange trading, corporate bonds, listed companies, and sovereign credit ratings. The evidence shows that the Tashkent Republican Stock Exchange reached UZS 12 trillion in trading volume in the first half of 2025, a 17-fold increase compared with the same period in 2024, while total market capitalization rose to UZS 242.8 trillion. At the same time, Fitch upgraded Uzbekistan’s sovereign credit rating from “BB-” to “BB,” and later revised the outlook to positive, reflecting stronger reform momentum, better macroeconomic stability, and improved investor confidence.
stocks, bonds, financial markets, Uzbekistan, credit rating, exchange trading, over-the-counter market, Fitch, Tashkent Republican Stock Exchange, privatization, market-oriented economy
CURRENT STATE AND ANALYSIS OF THE DIGITAL BANKING SERVICES MARKET OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
The article analyzes ways to improve digital banking services. By using digital technologies, it is possible not only to restructure management and business processes, but also to implement a number of innovations that will ease human life in the banking sector.
Banking, digital banking, banking services, legal entity, individual, transformation.
THE PLACE AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC OVERSIGHT WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL CONTROL
This article analyzes the distinctive features of social control and public oversight, as well as the place and functions of public oversight within the system of social control. The main objective of the study is to identify the role of public oversight in the social control system and to examine its principal functions from a theoretical and methodological perspective. The research seeks to answer the following questions: What position does public oversight occupy within the system of social control? What functions does it perform? How does it differ from other forms of control? The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the theoretical foundations and practical significance of public oversight as an essential mechanism for ensuring transparency, accountability, and democratic governance.
public oversight, social control, control system, functions, democratic governance, civil society, law and ethics, subjects of public oversight.
THE ECONOMIC CONTENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN BANKING PRACTICES
This article reveals the economic content of artificial intelligence and digital technologies, and studies the areas of their application in banking practice. The study is based on the essence of artificial intelligence and digital technologies as an economic category, their role as a new factor of production, and their role in creating added value and reducing transaction costs. The application of these technologies in the banking system in such main areas as credit scoring, risk management, fraud detection, customer service, and process automation is systematically classified. The economic efficiency of these technologies is also analyzed, and scientific and practical proposals for the development of the industry are developed.
artificial intelligence, digital technologies, economic content, banking practice, credit scoring, risk management, transaction costs, financial technologies, digital economy, automation.
Tursunov F.M,Abduvaliyev Samandar Sherzod ugli
PROSPECTS FOR UTILIZING TURKISH EXPERIENCE IN ENHANCING MARKETING ACTIVITIES IN THE FOOTWEAR MARKET OF UZBEKISTAN
This article provides a scientific analysis of the prospects for enhancing marketing activities in the Uzbekistan footwear market through the application of Turkish experience. Drawing upon SWOT and PESTEL analytical frameworks, the study conducts a comparative assessment of the footwear industries of both countries. Although Uzbekistan’s leather and footwear industry possesses significant development potential, several challenges persist, including weak branding capabilities, limited design innovation, and the absence of competitive marketing strategies. The achievements of the Turkish footwear industry over recent decades-particularly its geographical advantages, flexible production systems, and substantial investments in design and research and development (R&D) - may serve as a strategic model for Uzbekistan. Based on the findings, the article develops evidence-based recommendations aimed at strengthening market segmentation, brand development, digital marketing practices, and export-oriented strategies within Uzbekistan’s footwear sector.
footwear market, marketing activities, SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis, Turkish experience, Uzbekistan, branding, export strategy, leather and footwear industry.
Abduvaliyev Samandar Sherzod o’g’li,Tursunov F.M.
ECONOMIC MECHANISMS FOR INCREASING INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the economic mechanisms for increasing investment efficiency within the digital economy. During our research, we examined the impact of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, big data, electronic platforms, and digital management systems on investment processes. We also paid special attention to the role of digital technologies in the effective use of investment resources, reducing investment risks, further improving the quality of investment decision-making, and enhancing the attractiveness of the investment climate. Based on the research results, we have also developed a number of practical recommendations for increasing investment efficiency in the context of digital transformation.
Digital economy, investment efficiency, digital transformation, investment policy, innovation, artificial intelligence, Big Data, investment environment, economic growth, digital technologies, investment risks, competitiveness.
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FINANCIAL STABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE FINANCE: EVIDENCE FROM EMERGING MARKETS
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming the financial sector by improving operational efficiency, risk assessment, and decision-making processes. While AI offers significant benefits for financial institutions, concerns remain regarding its potential impact on financial stability and sustainable finance. This study examines the relationship between AI adoption, financial stability, and sustainable finance in emerging markets. Drawing on existing theoretical and empirical literature, it develops a conceptual framework to explore how AI contributes to risk management, financial resilience, and sustainability outcomes. The findings suggest that AI can enhance financial stability through improved predictive analytics, fraud detection, and resource allocation efficiency. In addition, AI supports sustainable finance by strengthening ESG assessment and sustainability-related decision-making. However, inadequate regulation and excessive reliance on AI systems may increase systemic risks and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The study emphasizes the importance of effective governance and regulatory frameworks to maximize the benefits of AI while mitigating potential risks.
Artificial Intelligence, Financial Stability, Sustainable Finance, Emerging Markets, Financial Innovation, Risk Management.
ENHANCING THE ECONOMIC COMPETENCE OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
ABSTRACT. The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of developing the economic competence of future specialists in the context of contemporary socio-economic transformations. Particular attention is paid to the growing importance of economic competence in ensuring the professional competitiveness of graduates and their successful adaptation to labor market requirements. The study analyzes the concepts of competence and competency, explores various scientific approaches to the interpretation of economic competence, and identifies its essential structural components.
Keywords: economic competence, future specialists, competency-based approach, higher education, professional training, economic literacy, economic thinking, digital competence, entrepreneurship education, project-based learning, professional competence, labor market competitiveness.
DO DEVELOPED COUNTRIES TEND TO THRIVE MORE THROUGH AN EMPHASIS ON MARKET-ORIENTED POLICYMAKING OR A STATE-ORIENTED WELFARE SYSTEM?
This article examines two different policymaking strategies in developed countries, market-oriented policymaking and state-oriented welfare systems. It defines the key principles of both models and investigates the advantages and disadvantages of each of them in solving the issue of economic performance and social welfare. The article discusses the central question of whether developed countries tend to thrive more through an emphasis on market-oriented policymaking or a state-oriented welfare system, with case examples. The essay argues that both of the approaches are ineffective in their own way; the most appropriate strategy is the balanced combination of market mechanisms and welfare policies.
Market-oriented policymaking, state-oriented welfare system, economic policy, welfare state, developed nations, government intervention, social market economy.
SHAPING THE FUTURE OF COPYRIGHT IN UZBEKISTAN: COMPARATIVE LESSONS FROM THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE
Across the past two decades, Uzbekistan has made meaningful progress toward a modern copyright regime. The 2006 Law on Copyright and Related Rights, the country’s entry into the Berne Convention and the WIPO treaties, and a sustained reform program in recent years together point in a clear direction. Even so, the task is unfinished. Digital life has outpaced the tools available to enforce rights, and a great many Uzbek authors remain unsure how to safeguard what they create online. This paper is offered in a spirit of patient learning. Writing as an Uzbek lawyer studying intellectual property at Penn State Law, I have examined closely how the United States manages digital copyright—what it does well, where it falls short, and what it has to teach. The paper sets the two systems carefully alongside one another and poses a straightforward question: which features of the American experience could help Uzbekistan advance? It puts forward five practical, good-faith reforms—a notice-and-takedown procedure, a repeat-infringer rule for online platforms, an accreditation scheme for collective rights organizations under Article 56 of our Copyright Law, a shared public system for protecting works online, and an early, considered framework for artificial intelligence. Not one of these reforms asks us to set aside our legal traditions. Each simply supplies the working tools our authors and creators require.
Uzbekistan, copyright reform, digital media, DMCA, comparative law, collective management, artificial intelligence.
BALANCING THE SURGES: HOW AI SOLVES THE RENEWABLE INTERMITTENCY PROBLEM FOR UZBEKISTAN’s GRID
This article examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing the intermittency challenge of renewable energy sources (RES) within Uzbekistan’s national power system. As Uzbekistan advances toward its strategic target of achieving 25 GW of installed renewable energy capacity by 2030, the stochastic generation characteristics of solar photovoltaic and wind power systems pose significant risks to grid stability, frequency regulation, and dispatch efficiency. The study analyses AI-based forecasting systems, real-time load balancing algorithms, smart grid technologies, battery energy storage systems (BESS), and digital energy management infrastructure. A comparative assessment is conducted using international experiences from Germany, China, the UAE, South Korea, and the European Union. The findings demonstrate that Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks, Deep Q-Learning algorithms, and AI-driven digital twin technologies can reduce renewable energy forecasting errors to below 5% under Uzbekistan’s climatic and operational conditions. The article further proposes practical recommendations, institutional reform measures, and policy directions aimed at accelerating the transition toward an AI-optimised and digitally managed energy system.
artificial intelligence, smart grid, renewable energy, intermittency, load balancing, LSTM, battery energy storage systems, Uzbekistan energy reform, digital transformation, predictive analytics.
MOTIVATION FACTORS AND MECHANISMS FOR IMPROVING COMMERCIALIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL PRODUCTS BY RESEARCHERS
This study examines the motivation factors and mechanisms influencing researchers’ engagement in the commercialization of scientific and technical products in higher education institutions of Uzbekistan. Based on a survey of 245 academic staff from eight universities, the study identifies four key motivational dimensions through principal component analysis: research resources, academic recognition, financial incentives, and professional development. The most significant barrier is excessive workload and lack of time. A four-component motivation mechanism model is proposed, integrating institutional support, financial incentives, academic recognition, and professional development. The findings highlight that in the Uzbek context, access to research resources plays a more critical role than purely financial incentives, distinguishing it from many developed countries.
researcher motivation, technology commercialization, university innovation, intellectual property policy, academic entrepreneurship, Uzbekistan higher education, innovation ecosystem, technology transfer
SOVEREIGN DEBT IN ISLAMIC ECONOMICS:SUKUK AS A SHARI'AH-COMPLIANT ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL BONDS —THEORY, GROWTH, AND FISCAL IMPLICATIONS
Contemporary Islamic states confront a fundamental tension between developmental financing requirements and the Shari'ah prohibition on riba (interest-based debt). This paper examines how sovereign sukuk—Shari'ah-compliant capital market instruments backed by tangible assets or usufruct rights—have emerged as the primary mechanism for resolving this tension. Using data from the International Islamic Financial Market (IIFM), the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), and official fiscal statistics for seven OIC member states (2017–2022), we document the rapid growth of the sovereign sukuk market from USD 210.3 billion in annual issuance (2017) to USD 418.8 billion (2022). Our comparative analysis reveals that countries with sukuk-to-total-debt ratios exceeding 30% demonstrate lower borrowing costs and broader investor bases. However, we identify a critical governance risk: the growing use of synthetic sukuk structures that replicate conventional bond economics without genuine asset transfer. We conclude with recommendations for strengthening sukuk governance to ensure Shari'ah integrity while supporting Islamic states' fiscal sustainability.
Sovereign sukuk, Islamic public debt, riba prohibition, OIC fiscal policy, Shari'ah-compliant finance, Islamic Development Bank