International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics
Welcome to the International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics (IJPSE), an open-access, international, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing knowledge and promoting scholarly exchange in the fields of political science and economics. Our mission is to provide a platform for researchers, policymakers, and scholars to present and share cutting-edge research, ideas, and analysis on global political and economic issues.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
IMPLEMENTATION OF GREEN ENERGY PROJECTS IN INDUSTRY AND PROMOTION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Reflection In the environment of insecurity in the global energy request, adding demand for energy coffers and exacerbation of environmental problems, the perpetration of green frugality principles in artificial sectors is getting an critical issue. In recent times, statistics have shown that the demand for electricity has been steadily adding as a result of population growth and artificial product. At the same time, global political developments and energy request heads, especially the volatility of oil painting and gas prices, increase the need for effective and provident use of energy coffers. In similar grueling conditions, the transition to renewable and indispensable energy sources becomes an important factor not only in icing environmental sustainability, but also in strengthening profitable security. This composition analyzes the significance of energy effectiveness enhancement in artificial sectors, the preface of green frugality principles and the use of indispensable energy sources. Also, the being problems were studied, scientifically grounded conclusions and practical recommendations for their elimination were developed.
carbon dioxide, energy effectiveness, environmental impact, green economy, industry, electricity, renewable energy.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
METHODS FOR OVERCOMING FEAR AND BARRIERS IN MATHEMATICS
Mathematical anxiety represents a pervasive and debilitating phenomenon, impacting individuals across educational stages and hindering their academic progress and real-world problem-solving abilities. This article synthesizes contemporary research on various methods for mitigating mathematical fear and overcoming associated learning barriers. It examines the psychological roots and manifestations of math anxiety, discussing its detrimental effects on working memory and performance.
Mathematics anxiety, Cognitive strategies, Pedagogical interventions, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Growth mindset, Self-efficacy, Emotional regulation
UZBEKISTAN’S ACCESSION TO THE WTO: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ADVANTAGES
In the context of global economic integration, the participation of countries in the international trade system has become one of the key factors of economic development. The World Trade Organization plays an important role in regulating global trade rules and strengthening international economic cooperation between states. This article analyzes the political, economic and social advantages of Uzbekistan’s accession to the World Trade Organization. The research was conducted using analytical and comparative methods based on international economic reports, statistical data and scientific literature. The results show that accession to the WTO contributes to the expansion of foreign trade, improvement of the investment climate and acceleration of economic reforms. In addition, this process strengthens political cooperation and positively affects social development and stability. The results of the study demonstrate the strategic importance of Uzbekistan’s integration into the global economic system.
World Trade Organization, international trade, economic integration, investment policy, economic development, global economy
THE NEW CONSTITUTION OF UZBEKISTAN IS A PEOPLE’S CONSTITUTION
This article provides a scientific analysis of the essence of the newly revised Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, its significance as a “People’s Constitution,” and its role in societal development. The study examines the factors that led to the renewal of the Constitution, the key changes introduced, and the emphasis placed on human rights and social protection. Furthermore, the role of the new Constitution in building a democratic society is highlighted.
Constitution, People’s Constitution, democracy, human rights, social state, reforms.
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN EXPRESSIONS OF HUMOR, CRITICISM, AND GRATITUDE IN AMERICAN AND BRITISH ENGLISH
American and British English share a common linguistic ancestry, yet everyday interaction in the two cultures can feel strikingly different - especially when speakers joke, criticize, or express gratitude. This article explores how cultural values and pragmatic norms shape these three high-stakes communicative domains. Drawing on speech act theory and politeness/rapport frameworks, it argues that American English tends to favor positive-affiliative clarity (warmth, encouragement, explicitness), while British English more often privileges restraint and social tact (understatement, irony, indirect mitigation). The analysis highlights typical strategies, common pragmatic markers, and frequent sources of intercultural misunderstanding. Pedagogical implications are offered for learners and professionals navigating US–UK communication.
Pragmatics, politeness, speech acts, irony, understatement, face, intercultural communication, American English, British English.
Mahmudova Komila Sobirjanovna,Abduhakimova Umida Xomitjon kizi
DEPOSIT CONCEPT, TYPES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE ECONOMY
This article examines the concept of deposits, their economic nature, main types, and their role in economic development. The study analyzes the importance of deposits in the functioning of the banking system, particularly their role in mobilizing financial resources and supporting economic growth. Special attention is given to the classification of deposits, including demand deposits, time deposits, and savings deposits, and their significance in forming the resource base of commercial banks.
deposit, banking system, time deposits, demand deposits, savings deposits, financial intermediation, bank resources, economic growth.
ALLA ALEXANDROVNA RUSAKOVA'S SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE: THE FORMATION OF A SPIRITUAL-AESTHETIC APPROACH IN RUSSIAN ART HISTORY OF THE 20TH CENTURY
This article analyzes the life and scholarly activity of Alla Aleksandrovna Rusakova, a prominent representative of twentieth-century Russian art history. Particular attention is given to her work at the State Russian Museum and to her research on Symbolism and leading figures of early twentieth-century Russian art Viktor Borisov-Musatov, Pavel Kuznetsov, Zinaida Serebryakova, and Mikhail Nesterov. The study examines Rusakova’s methodological approach, which interprets art not merely as a historical phenomenon but as a spiritual and aesthetic process. The article substantiates her role in developing the symbolic-aesthetic approach within Russian art history.
Russian art, twentieth-century art history, Symbolism, graphic art, monograph, art theory, aesthetic analysis, museum studies, Borisov-Musatov.
QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDICINAL PRODUCTS AS A LEGAL INSTITUTION: OBJECTIVES, METHODS, AND ISSUES OF NORMATIVE REGULATION
This article is devoted to the analysis of quality control of medicinal products as a key institution of legal regulation in the pharmaceutical sector. The objectives, tasks, and methods of control are examined, as well as issues related to the normative consolidation of this mechanism in national and international contexts. Particular attention is paid to the legal nature of quality control, its significance for protecting public health, ensuring the safety of the pharmaceutical market, and maintaining trust in the healthcare system. Based on an analysis of the legislative acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Russian Federation, international WHO documents, and scientific literature, gaps in the legislation are identified, and possible ways to address them are proposed.
quality of medicinal products, state control, good practices (GxP), registration, pharmacovigilance, legal liability, pharmaceutical market.
MANAGING COMPLIANCE RISKS IN BANKING SYSTEMS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: AN ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND NATIONAL PRACTICES
This article systematically investigates the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in managing compliance risks within the banking sector. The study evaluates the role of AI systems in transaction monitoring, detecting suspicious activities, risk assessment, and reducing operational costs. The research was conducted in accordance with international standards, including the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (Basel), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). These standards establish the most advanced frameworks for anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist financing, and risk management in banking institutions. The findings indicate that AI systems significantly enhance compliance processes in banks. Specifically, these systems improve the speed and accuracy of risk detection, reduce false positives, and enable real-time transaction monitoring. At the same time, challenges such as ensuring model transparency, explainability, data quality, and adherence to regulatory requirements have been identified. The article also analyzes the practical implementation of AI technologies in the banking sector of Uzbekistan, assessing the alignment of the national banking system with international standards and its readiness for digital transformation. The results of this study are not only scientifically relevant but also practically significant, providing banks and regulators with evidence-based recommendations to optimize compliance management using AI. This work can serve as an important reference for scholarly publications and as a foundation for developing new strategies in international financial communities for managing banking risks through AI technologies.
Artificial Intelligence, compliance, AML/CFT, risk management, Banking System, FATF, Basel, ISO 37301, commercial banks, internal control, digital compliance, Uzbekistan.
Makhmudov Fakhriddin Fazliddin ugli,Zikirov Khurshid Hasan ugli,Avilkosimov Shakhzodbek Shakhobiddin ugli
MODERN APPROACHES TO THE TAXATION OF STARTUPS: ANALYTICAL PERSPECTIVES WITHIN THE EVOLVING TAX SYSTEM OF UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes modern approaches to the taxation of startups and the role of tax policy in stimulating innovation-driven entrepreneurship. The study examines the economic characteristics of startups, fiscal mechanisms affecting their development, and tax incentives aimed at supporting innovative activities. Particular attention is given to the taxation policies implemented in Uzbekistan to foster the development of the startup ecosystem, including tax preferences provided within technology parks and innovation zones.
startups, innovation policy, taxation system, tax incentives, digital economy, entrepreneurial development, fiscal policy.
Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli,Abdumannonov Mekhroj
This article analyzes the economic essence of excise tax in the Republic of Uzbekistan, its types, objects of application, as well as the changes introduced starting from 2026 on a scientific and analytical basis. The study examines the fiscal and social functions of excise tax, its role in forming state budget revenues, and its importance in regulating the consumption of harmful products. In addition, the specific and ad valorem rates of excise tax, their advantages, and application mechanisms are analyzed.
excise tax, fiscal policy, indirect tax, specific rate, ad valorem rate, tax rates, tobacco products, alcoholic products, petroleum products, tax reform
Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli,Djuraboyeva Durdona
THE GROWTH AND INTENSIFICATION OF SOCIAL CRITICISM TOWARDS ECO-TRAVELERS: CAUSES AND DRIVERS.
This article analyzes the factors contributing to the rise and intensification of social criticism towards eco-travelers in contemporary society. The study examines why eco-travelers, despite presenting themselves as environmentally conscious, are increasingly subjected to public skepticism and harsh judgment. The paper identifies perceived hypocrisy, excessively high standards of sustainability, and the trend of "eco-shaming" on social media platforms as the primary drivers of this phenomenon. The findings provide insights into the psychological and social mechanisms of public backlash and offer recommendations for improving communication between eco-travelers and the public.
Eco-travelers, social criticism, hypocrisy, eco-shaming, sustainable tourism, social media, environmental consciousness, public opinion.
MAIN CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN BANKING ACTIVITIES
This article examines the main challenges associated with the implementation of digital technologies in banking activities. The study analyzes the current state of digitalization in the banking sector of Uzbekistan and evaluates the opportunities and difficulties arising from the integration of digital technologies into financial institutions. The research also considers statistical data and analytical materials related to the development of digital banking services in Uzbekistan.
digital banking, financial technologies, banking system, digital transformation, cybersecurity, Uzbekistan banking sector
Yusufov Javohirshoh Ozod ugli, Xolmirzayev Elbek
WOMEN'S EXIT FROM THE LABOR MARKET AFTER MARRIAGE IN SOUTH KOREA: GENDER ANALYSIS
This article analyzes the exit of women from the labor market after marriage in South Korea based on a gender approach. The study examines the influence of marriage and motherhood factors on women's employment, the dynamics of age-related employment, and the features of the M-shaped employment curve. Gender roles, institutional constraints, and problems in the work-family balance are also substantiated as the main factors reducing women's economic activity. The research results highlight the demographic and economic consequences of this process and demonstrate the need to ensure gender equality.
marriage, women's employment, exit from the labor market, gender analysis, M-shaped employment pattern, work-family balance, gender equality
TAXATION OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN UZBEKISTAN: FEATURES, CHALLENGES, AND REGULATORY MECHANISMS
This article analyzes the unique features of taxation for agricultural enterprises in Uzbekistan. Based on the 2026 Tax Code and current legislation, it examines tax mechanisms, incentives, compliance requirements, and their impact on the financial sustainability of agricultural producers.
agricultural taxation, Uzbekistan, 2026 Tax Code, VAT incentives, land tax, financial sustainability, electronic reporting.
METHODS OF USING DIGITAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
In the 21st century, the educational landscape has fundamentally changed with the advent of digital information technologies. From primary schools to universities, digital technologies have become indispensable tools for teaching, learning, and research. The importance of these technologies in education cannot be overestimated, as they revolutionize traditional pedagogical methods, expand educational opportunities, and prepare students for the rapidly developing digital world. Through the text of this article, the implementation of information and communication tools in the education system, the possibilities of applying and using global standards, and its achievements are recognized..
digital technology, lesson, internet, education system, hemisphere system, computer science, smart whiteboards, information literacy, IT centers, online, offline education, digitalization.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF “SOFT POWER” IN THE SOUTH KOREA’S FOREIGN POLICY IN CENTRAL ASIA
This section analyzes the effectiveness of South Korea’s soft power as a strategic tool in Central Asia, examining how cultural, educational, technological, and development initiatives influence bilateral and regional relations. Drawing on Joseph Nye’s theoretical framework, it evaluates instruments such as K-pop, Korean cinema, scholarships, technological partnerships, and aid programs. The analysis includes case studies and measurable outcomes, assessing impacts on public perception, diplomatic influence, trade, and policy alignment. Comparative insights highlight the advantages of soft power over traditional hard power approaches, demonstrating its role in achieving sustainable foreign policy objectives in a region influenced by competing global actors.
South Korea, soft power, foreign policy, Central Asia, cultural diplomacy, education, technology partnerships, development assistance, bilateral relations, Nye, diplomatic influence.
DEVELOPMENT OF ART AND CULTURE IN THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND REFORMS IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
This article analyzes the issues of developing the spheres of art and culture and improving the education system within the framework of large-scale reforms being implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan. In particular, the issues of developing culture and art, strengthening the material and technical base of cultural institutions, improving the artistic and aesthetic taste of young people, and introducing modern pedagogical technologies in the education system are covered in the framework of the tasks set within the framework of the New Uzbekistan Development Strategy 2022–2026, which is considered an important program for the country's development. Also, the role of culture and art in the spiritual life of society and its importance in educating the younger generation in the spirit of national values ​​are scientifically substantiated.
Development strategy, culture and art, reforms in the education system, artistic and aesthetic education, cultural institutions, national culture, youth education, creative abilities, innovative education, pedagogical technologies.
Ne'matova Mukhtabar Nodirjon kizi,Nazarova Dilnoza Eraliyevna
THE IMPACT OF MONETARY POLICY ON INFLATION AND PRODUCTION
В условиях нестабильности мировой экономики и усиления инфляционных процессов особую актуальность приобретает исследование воздействия денежно-кредитной политики на макроэкономические показатели, прежде всего на уровень инфляции и динамику производства. В данной статье рассматриваются теоретические и практические аспекты влияния инструментов денежно-кредитной политики на экономическую активность. Проанализированы основные механизмы трансмиссии монетарной политики, включая процентный канал, кредитный канал и канал ожиданий. Особое внимание уделено роли центрального банка в регулировании инфляционных процессов, обеспечении ценовой стабильности и стимулировании устойчивого экономического роста. На основе анализа экономических показателей и современных научных подходов раскрывается взаимосвязь между изменениями процентных ставок, денежной массы и уровнем производства. Также рассматривается влияние монетарной политики на инвестиционную активность, занятость и общий уровень деловой активности в экономике. Результаты исследования позволяют определить основные направления совершенствования денежно-кредитной политики для достижения макроэкономической стабильности и повышения эффективности функционирования национальной экономики.
денежно-кредитная политика, инфляция, производство, центральный банк, процентная ставка, денежная масса, монетарная трансмиссия, экономический рост, макроэкономическая стабильность, инвестиционная активность.
Salamov Farrukh Fattoevich,Samira Sadieva,Shakhzoda Ravshanova
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SYSTEM IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the stages of formation and development of the banking system in Uzbekistan. It discusses the characteristics of the centralized banking system during the former Soviet Union period, the establishment of the national banking system after gaining independence, and the introduction of a two-tier banking system. In addition, the processes of stabilizing and modernizing the system, the reforms implemented in recent years, and the introduction of digital technologies into the banking sector are highlighted.
Banking system, Central Bank, commercial banks, monetary policy, financial system, digital banking services, economic development, national banking system.
Hayitmurodova Jasmina Bekmurod qizi,Kabulova Shahnoza
THE THEFT OF METRICS: WHY MODERN SOCIETY FAILS TO RECOGNIZE AUTHENTIC SCIENCE
The contemporary intellectual landscape is characterized by a deep crisis manifested in the growing separation between technological progress and the understanding of human nature. While natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology have advanced through measurable and repeatable parameters, many humanities disciplines remain dominated by interpretive narratives that often lack objective metrics. This article analyzes the concept of the “theft of metrics” within the framework of the Odam Tili (Human Language) theory developed by Dr. Mahmudjon Kuchkarov. The theory proposes a paradigm shift from the conventional view of language as an arbitrary system of symbols to an embodied, biologically grounded understanding of linguistic structures and human cognition. Special attention is given to the relationship between measurement, language, and embodied human experience. The article also discusses the implications of this framework for understanding the limitations of contemporary artificial intelligence and the transformation of scientific paradigms in the humanities.
metric systems, Odam Tili theory, phono-semantics, signo-semantics, archaeology of language, embodied cognition, linguistic ontology, artificial intelligence, semantic grounding
Mahmudjon Kuchkarov,Mavlonbek Kuchkarov,Muhayyo Sobirjonova
ECONOMIC MECHANISMS FOR PROMOTING GREEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the economic mechanisms for developing green entrepreneurship in the context of a green economy to ensure sustainable economic development. The study substantiates the economic essence of green entrepreneurship and its role in ensuring environmental sustainability in the national economy. In addition, the economic mechanisms for stimulating the activities of small businesses and private entrepreneurship entities during the transition to a green economy in Uzbekistan are analyzed. The article highlights the importance of financial, investment, and tax mechanisms in the development of green entrepreneurship and analyzes the economic challenges arising during the implementation of green technologies by small business entities. Based on the research results, proposals and recommendations have been developed to improve the system of economic incentives for the development of green entrepreneurship, expand green investments, and develop mechanisms for financing environmental projects.
green economy, green entrepreneurship, economic mechanisms, small business and private entrepreneurship, green investments, ecological innovations, renewable energy sources, sustainable development.
In modern scientific and academic practice, the evaluation of research works plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality, reliability, and relevance of scientific knowledge. The effectiveness of research evaluation determines not only the credibility of individual studies but also the overall development of science and innovation. This article examines the fundamental principles used in assessing research works, including scientific validity, methodological soundness, originality, practical significance, and ethical compliance. Special attention is given to the criteria and indicators applied in the evaluation of scientific publications, dissertations, and research projects within academic institutions. The study also analyzes international practices of research assessment and highlights the importance of transparent and objective evaluation mechanisms. The findings emphasize that the application of well-defined evaluation principles contributes to improving research quality, strengthening academic integrity, and enhancing the effectiveness of scientific activity. The article proposes recommendations for improving the evaluation process of research works in the context of modern scientific development.
research evaluation, scientific research, evaluation criteria, academic integrity, research methodology, scientific quality assessment, originality of research, peer review, research effectiveness, scientific standards.
Qurbonov G'ayrat, G'ulomov Jonibek , Qayumov Daler, Ergashaeva Feruza Nasrullaevna
THE ROLE OF TAX PAYMENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the role of tax payments in the development of small businesses in Uzbekistan. The study analyzes the relationship between the taxation system and entrepreneurial activity based on current legislation and statistical data. The results show that a simplified tax system and moderate tax rates contribute to the growth of small businesses and support economic development.
small business, taxation, tax policy, entrepreneurship, economic development.
THE ROLE OF TAX POLICY IN INCREASING GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
This article analyzes the role and importance of tax policy in ensuring the country's economic growth. In particular, the issues of stimulating entrepreneurial activity and attracting investments through tax rates, tax incentives, and tax administration are considered. It also scientifically sheds light on how effective organization of tax policy affects the increase in production, employment, and growth in gross domestic product (GDP). As a result of the study, conclusions and recommendations are made on ensuring economic stability and increasing the country's GDP by improving the tax system.
gross domestic product (GDP), tax policy, economic growth, tax incentives, investments, entrepreneurial activity, tax system, economic stability.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TAXES PAID BY LEGAL ENTITIES
This article analyzes the general characteristics of taxes paid by legal entities under the 2026 Tax Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study examines main types of corporate taxes, including corporate income tax, value added tax, property tax, land tax, and water resource use tax. It explores their economic significance, contribution to the state budget, digital tax administration, and recent legislative reforms.
legal entities, corporate taxation, Tax Code 2026, Uzbekistan, fiscal policy
Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli,Boyarov Yusuf Abdulloyevich
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF TAXES IN SHAPING STATE BUDGET REVENUES
Taxes play a fundamental role in forming state budget revenues, providing the primary financial resources for public expenditures and socio-economic development. This study examines the contribution of direct and indirect taxes in Uzbekistan, analyzing official statistical data, the 2026 Tax Code, and fiscal policy documents. The study highlights the dual function of taxation as a revenue generator and an economic regulator, supporting sustainable fiscal policy and equitable wealth distribution.
state budget, taxes, revenue mobilization, Uzbekistan, tax policy, fiscal sustainability
Berdikulova Madina Zokir kizi, Turayev Alijon Akmal ugli
MANIPULATIVE INFLUENCE MEANS AND TECHNOLOGIES
Manipulative influence is a complex of socio-psychological, cultural and information technologies aimed at directly or indirectly influencing the consciousness, emotions and behavior of an individual, social group or the general public, often used covertly, but in some cases openly. Its essence is that manipulation limits the subject's ability to fully and objectively assess reality, directs the process of independent thinking and reduces the ability to make free decisions. Through this, certain ideas, views, values ​​​​or behavioral models acquire a dominant position in the public consciousness.
national sources of information, globalization, information space, ideological education, harms, spiritual people.
STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE TO STRENGTHEN REGIONAL ECONOMIC STABILITY
This article scientifically analyzes the role and significance of tourism infrastructure in ensuring the sustainable economic development of regions. The research examines the impact of key infrastructure components—such as transport, hospitality, service industries, information and communication systems, and recreational facilities—on regional economic development. Furthermore, it justifies the role of tourism infrastructure development in increasing tourist flow, creating new jobs, attracting investment, and strengthening the economic potential of regions. The research findings highlight that the comprehensive development of tourism infrastructure is a crucial factor in ensuring sustainable regional economic growth, improving living standards, and reducing socio-economic disparities between regions.
tourism infrastructure, regional development, sustainable economic development, tourism economics, tourism services, transport infrastructure, hospitality, investments, regional economic growth, tourism potential.
Abdujalilova Shirinoy Abduxalil kizi, Teshabayeva Odina Nasridinovna
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL STABILITY THROUGH LEGAL MIGRATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
This article analyzes the role of legal migration in ensuring global economic and political stability, as well as its socio-economic significance. The author argues that organizing labor migration on a legal basis serves not only the economy of the sending country (through remittances) but also helps address demographic gaps in the labor markets of receiving nations. The article provides a comparative study of the economic risks associated with illegal migration versus the advantages of legal migration in the development of human capital. Furthermore, scientific proposals and recommendations are presented for improving the mechanisms that regulate legal migration within the international labor market.
Legal migration, Economic stability, Labor market, Human capital, Remittances, Money transfers, International migration policy, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Social protection.