International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics
Welcome to the International Journal of Political Sciences and Economics (IJPSE), an open-access, international, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing knowledge and promoting scholarly exchange in the fields of political science and economics. Our mission is to provide a platform for researchers, policymakers, and scholars to present and share cutting-edge research, ideas, and analysis on global political and economic issues.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
DEVELOPING A STRUCTURED DUE DILIGENCE METHODOLOGY FOR AUDIT FIRMS: A RISK-BASED PERSPECTIVE
The expansion of audit-related services has increased the need for audit firms to provide due diligence engagements that are systematic, risk-sensitive, well documented and compatible with professional quality management requirements. In practice, due diligence is often performed through fragmented checklists or expert judgment, which may create inconsistency in risk identification, evidence collection, reporting and engagement quality. This article develops a structured due diligence methodology for audit firms from a risk-based perspective. The study applies qualitative document analysis, comparative standard mapping and design-science logic to synthesize requirements and principles from ISRS 4400 (Revised), ISAE 3000 (Revised), ISQM 1, OECD risk-based due diligence guidance, ISO 31000 risk-management logic and contemporary sustainability due diligence developments. The proposed methodology consists of seven interconnected stages: engagement acceptance, scope and criteria definition, risk-universe construction, targeted evidence planning, analytical testing, risk scoring and decision-oriented reporting. The results present a practical framework, risk matrix, quality gates, working paper structure and reporting architecture that audit firms can adapt for financial, tax, legal, operational, governance and ESG due diligence. The article argues that due diligence should not be treated merely as a transaction checklist but as a disciplined professional service governed by risk assessment, ethical safeguards, documentation standards and firm-level quality management. The proposed model strengthens comparability, transparency and usefulness of due diligence reports for investors, owners, lenders and other decision-makers.
due diligence; audit firms; risk-based methodology; ISRS 4400; ISQM 1; risk scoring; audit-related services; quality management
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS OF VENTURE FUND FORMATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
This article analyzes the key indicators related to the formation of venture capital funds in Uzbekistan and their impact on national economic development. The study highlights the growing importance of venture financing as a driver of innovation, entrepreneurship, and technological advancement in emerging economies. It examines trends in startup activity, investment volumes, and the development of institutional frameworks supporting venture capital in Uzbekistan. The research also evaluates the relationship between venture fund formation and macroeconomic indicators such as GDP growth, employment, and innovation output. Special attention is given to the role of government policies, regulatory reforms, and financial infrastructure in fostering a favorable environment for venture investment. The findings suggest that the expansion of venture capital funds contributes significantly to the diversification of the economy, the development of high-tech industries, and the strengthening of the country's competitive position in the global market. The article concludes that improving investment mechanisms and enhancing institutional support are essential for maximizing the positive impact of venture capital on sustainable economic growth in Uzbekistan.
venture capital, venture funds, Uzbekistan economy, national economic development, startup ecosystem, innovation financing, investment indicators, economic growth, financial infrastructure, entrepreneurship
TOURISM AND RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL OF UZBEKISTAN
The article examines the tourism and recreational potential of Uzbekistan as an important factor in the development of the national economy. Special attention is given to the country's unique natural, historical, and cultural resources, which create favorable conditions for the growth of tourism. The study analyzes key types of tourism, including cultural, ecological, pilgrimage, and recreational tourism, highlighting their role in increasing the attractiveness of Uzbekistan as an international tourist destination. The research also explores the current state of tourism infrastructure, government policies, and reforms aimed at enhancing the tourism sector. Particular emphasis is placed on the efficient use of recreational resources, sustainable tourism development, and the integration of international experience into national practices. The findings indicate that Uzbekistan possesses significant untapped potential in the tourism sector, which, if effectively utilized, can contribute to economic diversification, job creation, and increased foreign exchange earnings. The article concludes with practical recommendations for improving the management of tourism and recreational resources and strengthening the country's competitive position in the global tourism market.
Tourism potential, recreational resources, sustainable tourism, cultural heritage, ecotourism, tourism infrastructure, economic development, uzbekistan, tourism policy, international tourism.
THE ROLE OF TAXES IN ENSURING THE FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF REGIONS
This article examines the role of taxes in ensuring the financial sustainability of regions under modern economic conditions. The study highlights the importance of tax revenues as the primary source of regional budget formation and socio-economic development. It analyzes the mechanisms of tax regulation, intergovernmental fiscal relations, and the impact of tax policy on the level of regional financial independence. Particular attention is given to issues such as unequal tax potential among regions, dependence on intergovernmental transfers, and the need to improve tax administration systems. The research also explores international experience in strengthening regional financial sustainability through effective tax policies. The findings indicate that improving the efficiency of the tax system contributes to strengthening the revenue base of regional budgets, increasing investment attractiveness, and ensuring sustainable economic development of territories.
taxes, financial sustainability, regional budgets, tax policy, tax revenues, intergovernmental fiscal relations, regional economy, budget security, financial independence, tax administration.
FROM CONCEPT TO COMMUNITY:INSTITUTIONAL MODEL OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN COMMUNITY AND THE ROAD FROM "CENTRAL ASIA-2040" TO PRACTICAL ARCHITECTURE
This article examines the conceptual foundations and institutional model of the Central Asian Community, analyzing the trajectory from the 2018 launch of the Consultative Meetings of Heads of State to the landmark adoption of the "Central Asia–2040" Concept at the Sixth Consultative Meeting in Astana in August 2024. Drawing on constructivist and liberal intergovernmentalism theoretical frameworks, the article argues that Central Asia is undergoing a distinctive form of sovereignty-preserving integration — a process driven by shared pragmatic interests, historical civilizational ties, and an emerging collective regional identity rather than supranational institutional transfers. The article identifies three critical institutional gaps — the absence of a permanent secretariat, the lack of a unified dispute-resolution mechanism, and the underdeveloped role of civil society and parliamentary actors — and proposes a practical institutional architecture designed to bridge the gap between strategic vision and operational reality.
Central Asian Community; Central Asia–2040; regional integration; institutionalization; C5 format; sovereignty-preserving integration; constructivism; consultative meetings; water-energy nexus; Uzbekistan foreign policy.
POLICIES FOR POVERTY REDUCTION AND INCREASING POPULATION INCOMES WITHIN THE UZBEKISTAN–2030 STRATEGY FRAMEWORK
This article analyzes the policy of poverty reduction and increasing real incomes of the population within the framework of the Uzbekistan–2030 Strategy. The study first examines the concept of poverty, its economic essence, and its various forms, including absolute and relative poverty. It further provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms for increasing real incomes through employment creation, the development of private entrepreneurship and small businesses, the strengthening of the social protection system, and ensuring macroeconomic stability. The article also considers regional disparities in Uzbekistan, informal employment, inflation, and other related challenges, along with recommendations for addressing these issues. The research is based on official statistical data of the Republic of Uzbekistan as well as reports from international organizations, including the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The article explores, from a scientific perspective, ways to improve public welfare and achieve sustainable economic development in the country.
Uzbekistan–2030 Strategy, poverty reduction, population income, employment and labor market, social protection system, entrepreneurship and small business, economic policy and stability, regional disparities, inflation and income.
EVALUATION OF VENTURE INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY AND RISK MANAGEMENT METHODS IN THE STARTUP ECOSYSTEM
This article examines the effectiveness of venture investments within the startup ecosystem and explores modern methods of risk management. Venture capital plays a crucial role in financing innovative startups, yet it is inherently associated with high levels of uncertainty and risk. The study analyzes key indicators used to evaluate investment efficiency, including return on investment (ROI), internal rate of return (IRR), and startup growth metrics. In addition, the research identifies major types of risks faced by venture investors, such as financial, technological, market, and operational risks. Special attention is given to risk mitigation strategies, including portfolio diversification, staged financing, and active investor involvement. The article also reviews international best practices and assesses their applicability in emerging markets. The findings suggest that effective evaluation and risk management mechanisms are essential for improving investment outcomes and ensuring the sustainable development of startup ecosystems.
venture capital, startup ecosystem, investment efficiency, risk management, ROI, IRR, startup valuation, venture investment, financial risk, innovation financing
MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OF AN INNOVATIVE ECONOMY THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF VENTURE CAPITAL
This article examines the role of venture capital in fostering the sustainable growth of an innovative economy. The study highlights the importance of venture financing as a key driver for supporting startups, technological advancements, and high-risk innovative projects. It analyzes the mechanisms through which venture capital contributes to economic development, including investment diversification, risk-sharing, and the acceleration of commercialization processes. The research also explores international best practices in venture capital development and evaluates their applicability in emerging economies. Particular attention is given to the institutional, legal, and financial frameworks necessary to stimulate venture investment activity. The findings suggest that strengthening venture capital ecosystems, improving regulatory policies, and enhancing collaboration between public and private sectors are essential for achieving long-term economic sustainability and innovation-driven growth.
venture capital, innovative economy, sustainable growth, startup ecosystem, investment mechanisms, innovation financing, risk management, economic development, venture investment, financial infrastructure
THE ROLE OF UZBEKISTAN ACCESSION TO THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION IN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT
This study analyzes the necessity and implications of Uzbekistan’s accession to the World Trade Organization. It focuses on the historical development of the multilateral trading system, from GATT to the WTO, and the growing importance of global trade integration for national economies. The research is based on historical-logical and comparative analysis, including the evaluation of WTO member countries’ experiences and Uzbekistan’s ongoing accession process, along with related institutional and legal reforms. The findings indicate that WTO membership can significantly enhance Uzbekistan’s access to international markets, improve the competitiveness of domestic industries, and increase transparency and predictability in trade policy. It also provides stronger mechanisms for resolving trade disputes at the international level. At the same time, the study notes that accession may create short-term adjustment costs for certain economic sectors, requiring effective state policies to manage structural changes. Overall, the study concludes that joining the WTO is a strategically important step for Uzbekistan’s long-term economic development and deeper integration into the global economy.
World Trade Organization, global trade system, trade liberalization, economic integration, Uzbekistan economy, foreign trade policy, multilateral trade system, GATT, competitiveness, institutional reform
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE REGION AND INTER-INTEGRATION WITH CLUSTER SYSTEMS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF KASHKADARYO REGION)
In this research work, the level of development of infrastructure systems and the mechanisms of their influence on regional economic efficiency and clustering processes were analyzed in depth on the example of the Kashkadarya region. Within the framework of the study, the interrelationship of transport-logistics, energy and social infrastructure elements was studied in an integrated manner with production efficiency, investment attractiveness and export opportunities. Empirical results showed that the level of economic activity is higher in regions with developed infrastructure. At the same time, the regional uneven development of infrastructure was identified as the main factor negatively affecting the effective use of economic resources. At the end of the study, scientific and practical recommendations were developed aimed at accelerating economic growth through the integration of infrastructure and cluster systems.
infrastructure, clustering, logistics, energy, economic growth, integration
“KIMYO INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY in TASHKENT”
Gallstone disease (GSD), or cholelithiasis, is a chronic condition in which stones form in the gallbladder or bile ducts. This review article focuses on the new classification, existing treatment methods, and early diagnosis of the disease.
Gallstone disease, classification, laparoscopy, chronic, cholecystectomy, cholelithiasis, gallbladder, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis.
Tursunov M.V, Buvayeva D.KH, Kamolova F.E, Komilova U.M.
BLOCKCHAIN INTEGRATION IN ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Blockchain technology offers significant potential to transform traditional accounting systems by enhancing transparency, security, immutability, and efficiency. This paper reviews the current state of blockchain integration in accounting, its key applications, major challenges, and future prospects. While blockchain enables real-time auditing, triple-entry accounting, and fraud reduction, barriers such as high implementation costs, regulatory uncertainty, interoperability issues, and skill gaps hinder widespread adoption. The review concludes that strategic integration, combined with regulatory support and technological advancements, could revolutionize accounting practices in the coming decade.
Blockchain, accounting systems, triple-entry accounting, financial reporting, audit efficiency, integration challenges, regulatory compliance, future prospects.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND FORECAST OF RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
The study analyzes the dynamics of renewable energy development in Uzbekistan, assesses key growth factors, and builds an econometric forecast for renewable energy production until 2035.
renewable energy, Uzbekistan, solar energy, wind energy, energy balance, electricity development dynamics, econometric modeling, OLS, correlation analysis, VIF multicollinearity test, Breusch-Pagan test (heteroscedasticity), ADF stationarity test.
SOCIO-POLITICAL CONTENT AND CONSEQUENCES OF POVERTY
The article considers the concept of poverty, its essence, causes and various socio-political views, measurements and approaches to determining its criteria as the main problem. The main methods for determining the poverty standard and threshold, the analysis of statistical data on determining the standard of living of the population, improving health, longevity, literacy indicators and achieving an increase in living standards are presented, and scientific conclusions and recommendations are given on the socio-political significance of poverty.
poverty, institutional poverty, regional poverty, class poverty, absolute and relative poverty, macropoverty, micropoverty.
The article deals with the issues based on analyzing the processes of employment instability (precarization) in the economy, caused by the spread of unsecured and unprotected labor relations. The negative consequences of social and labor instability for the economically active population are described. It also investigates the scientific and theoretical essence of the concept of " employment instability " (precarious employment), its causes and consequences, as well as issues of its elimination.
employment instability, precarization, precarious work, formal employment instability, informal employment instability, scale of instability, employment instability factors, part-time employment, employment in fixed-term employment contracts, remote employment, employment in private farms.
SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP - SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY: SCIENTIFIC AND INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES.
This article is dedicated to studying the mechanisms for stimulating private entrepreneurship during the period of free market relations. It examines the current state of entrepreneurial activity, the volume of investments attracted to the sector, and the positive impact of tax policy incentives based on statistical data. The role of small business entities in economic growth and the results achieved in ensuring the inviolability of private property were analyzed, and future development drivers were identified.
Economic liberalization, business, clusters, microcrediting, reduction of tax burden, market infrastructure, freedom of entrepreneurship.
HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN: THEORETICAL BASIS, DEMOGRAPHIC OPPORTUNITIES AND STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH
This scientific article analyzes the theoretical-evolutionary development of the concept of human capital, its role in sustainable economic growth, and the possibilities for effectively utilizing the demographic dividend emerging under the conditions of Uzbekistan. The article evaluates the share of human capital in national wealth, recent changes in education, healthcare, and vocational fields, as well as budget allocations and institutional reforms within the framework of the "Uzbekistan-2030" strategy, based on data from the World Bank, OECD, and the UN. According to the research results, it is substantiated that the country can enter the ranks of upper-middle-income economies through the qualitative development of human capital, the integration of digital skills, the formation of a lifelong education system, and the elimination of regional inequality.
human capital, demographic dividend, sustainable economic growth, educational reforms, professional skills, lifelong learning,
THE CLUSTER APPROACH IN AGRICULTURE: ORGANIZATIONAL MECHANISMS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SECTOR
The article covers the volume of agricultural products and their exports, which form the basis for the development of agriculture in the agricultural sector of Uzbekistan. At the same time, the structure of fruit and vegetable clusters, the specialization of their activities, and the main principles of cluster activity are highlighted.
Agricultural sector, agriculture, import, foreign trade, fruit and vegetable, cluster, specialization.
DIGITAL SERVICES AND CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE IN THE HOTEL AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY
This study examines digital services and customer experience in the hotel and hospitality industry, focusing on the impact of artificial intelligence, big data analytics, mobile technologies, and automation systems. Based on recent statistical data, the research highlights how digital transformation improves operational efficiency, increases customer satisfaction, and enhances revenue performance in global hospitality businesses. The study also analyzes regulatory frameworks such as GDPR and ISO standards that govern data protection and digital service delivery in the industry.
digital transformation, hospitality industry, customer experience, artificial intelligence, big data, mobile services, hotel management, automation
INTEGRATION OF LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORT SERVICES INTO GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS
This scientific article analyzes the integration of logistics and transport services into global supply chains. The study examines key drivers such as international trade expansion, digital transformation, green logistics, geopolitical fragmentation, and institutional governance. Based on data from the World Bank, UNCTAD, and WTO, the relationship between logistics performance and economic development is evaluated. Moreover, digital technologies are identified as a crucial factor in improving logistics efficiency and supply chain resilience in the global economy.
logistics, transport, global supply chain, digital transformation, green logistics, international trade, economic integration
THE ROLE OF ESG FACTORS IN INVESTMENT DECISION MAKING AND CORPORATE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors have become central to modern investment strategies and corporate management. This paper reviews the role of ESG in investment decision-making and its impact on corporate financial performance (CFP) based on recent literature and meta-analyses. The findings generally indicate a positive relationship between strong ESG practices and corporate metrics such as ROA, ROE, firm value, and risk reduction, while portfolio-level investment returns tend to be neutral to slightly positive. Practical implications for investors and companies are discussed.
ESG factors, sustainable investing, corporate financial performance, investment decision-making, ESG disclosure, meta-analysis, responsible investment, firm value.
ASSESSMENT AND FORECASTING OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN TEXTILE ENTERPRISES BASED ON REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
This study presents a comprehensive methodology for evaluating and forecasting the economic efficiency of textile enterprises. To accurately determine the operational level of the organizational and economic mechanisms within these enterprises, a five-stage rating assessment system has been developed. The proposed methodology distinguishes itself by integrating the evaluation of both organizational governance criteria (such as management structure, transparency, and internal control) and economic criteria (including production planning, asset utilization, and financial condition). Utilizing a 100-indicator scale adapted from international corporate governance practices, the system allows for the calculation of an integrated efficiency coefficient. The practical application of this rating methodology enables enterprise management to objectively diagnose their operational state, identify areas for improvement, and make data-driven strategic decisions to enhance overall economic performance.
Economic efficiency, textile enterprises, organizational mechanism, economic mechanism, rating assessment, corporate governance, financial condition, regional characteristics.
USE MEDIATION IN RESOLVING FAMILY DISPUTES
This article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the mediation institution in resolving disputes arising from family legal relations. The specific features of mediation, such as voluntariness, confidentiality, equality, consideration of the interests of both parties, and the priority of a psychological approach, are analyzed. Additionally, based on a comparative analysis of foreign experience, the problems of applying mediation in Uzbekistan are identified, and proposals and recommendations for their elimination are developed.
family disputes, mediation, mediator, alternative dispute resolution, voluntariness, confidentiality, family law.
ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER TRUST IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
This article analyzes consumer trust in electronic commerce in the context of rapid digital transformation and increasing global internet penetration. It examines the theoretical foundations of trust, including cognitive and emotional dimensions, and identifies key determinants such as security, privacy protection, brand reputation, technological infrastructure, and user-generated feedback. The study also highlights the role of institutional frameworks and regulatory mechanisms in strengthening consumer confidence in online transactions.
electronic commerce, consumer trust, digital economy, online shopping, cybersecurity, brand reputation, user behavior
Ulugmurodov Farhod Fakhriddinovich,Musurmonova Mukhlisa,Abdukodirov Alisher
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES (CASE OF UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the digital transformation of corporate governance, focusing on opportunities, challenges, and prospects for developing economies, particularly Uzbekistan. The study highlights the increasing role of digital technologies in improving transparency, efficiency, accountability, and sustainability within corporate structures. It evaluates modern digital tools, governance models, and strategic approaches, while considering relevant international practices. The paper discusses the impact of digitalization on organizational performance, stakeholder relations, and regulatory compliance. Special attention is given to key challenges in developing countries, including technological readiness, cybersecurity, legal adaptation, and human capital development. The article also reviews Uzbekistan’s ongoing reforms and digital initiatives. The conclusion emphasizes that digital transformation is a crucial driver of modernization, competitiveness, and long-term corporate stability, requiring policy support and institutional development.
digital transformation, corporate governance, developing economies, digital technologies, transparency, efficiency, innovation, cybersecurity, governance modernization, stakeholder engagement.
Goziyev Murodjon Shokirjonovich, Bahodirova Muhlisa Rustamjon qizi
SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BY SECTOR AND INDUSTRY
This article presents the reforms currently being implemented to support the development of small business. It analyzes trends in small business development in the Andijan region by sectors and areas of activity, and examines the economic performance of newly established small enterprises and microfirms. Based on the conducted research, scientific proposals and practical recommendations have been developed.
small business, economic criteria, infrastructure, economic growth, territorial development, labor resources, export potential, economic stability, loans and foreign investment.
DIGITAL AND LOGISTICS-BASED MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS FOR IMPROVING EFFICIENCY IN FRUIT AND VEGETABLE ENTERPRISES
This study examines the improvement of management mechanisms in fruit and vegetable enterprises through the integration of digital technologies and logistics systems. The research aims to develop an integrated management model that enhances operational efficiency, reduces logistics costs, and improves supply chain performance. Using a mixed-method approach, including econometric modeling and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), an integral efficiency index was constructed. The findings indicate that the implementation of digital logistics systems can reduce costs by 18–22% and improve delivery time by 20–25%. The study contributes to the literature by proposing a novel integrated management framework combining logistics optimization and digital transformation.
fruit and vegetable enterprises, logistics management, digital transformation, AHP, efficiency, supply chain
MECHANISMS FOR THE EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION OF TRADE PROCESSES IN THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLE BUSINESS
This article will scientifically analyze the mechanisms for the development of market marketing of fruit and vegetable products, as well as the management of trade infrastructure. In the course of the study, the specifics of the industry, the role and importance of marketing strategies in meeting consumer demand are highlighted. The study also examined the economic impact of modernizing trade infrastructure, improving the logistics system, and introducing digital technologies. Finally, innovative approaches and practical recommendations were put forward to take the management of fruit and vegetable trade to a new level.
Fruit and vegetable products, marketing, trade infrastructure, management mechanisms, digital technologies, efficiency.
Minojidinov Abdulvosid Abdubannob o‘g‘li
PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY AND PROTECTIONISM
This scientific article comprehensively analyzes the theoretical foundations of protectionism within the framework of international trade policy and its role in the modern global economy. The study studies the impact of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on economic efficiency, market balance, and the competitive environment based on a systematic approach. Also, the experience of developed and developing countries is comparatively analyzed, and the short and long-term consequences of protectionism are scientifically explained. The results of the study show that protectionism can ensure economic stability in the short term, but in the long term it reduces the efficiency of resource allocation and limits economic growth.
international trade policy, protectionism, tariffs, non-tariff barriers, economic efficiency, global trading system, competitive environment, economic integration, trade conflicts
DESCRIPTION OF THE MECHANISM OF OPERATION OF STOCK EXCHANGES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES AND STOCK MARKET INDICES
This article analyzes the operational mechanisms of foreign stock exchanges and the characteristics of major stock market indices. It explores how developed stock markets such as the NYSE, NASDAQ, London Stock Exchange, and Tokyo Stock Exchange function within a highly integrated global financial system. The study also examines the role of stock indices, including the S&P 500, Dow Jones Industrial Average, FTSE 100, DAX, and Nikkei 225, as key indicators of economic performance and investor sentiment. Statistical insights are used to demonstrate the importance of liquidity, market capitalization, and technological development in shaping modern financial markets. The research highlights the increasing role of electronic trading systems, institutional investors, and index-based investment instruments such as ETFs in global capital markets.
stock exchange, financial markets, stock indices, market capitalization, liquidity, S&P 500, NASDAQ, investment, globalization, ETFs
Khodjimamedov Akmal Ashurovich, Arabova Soxiba Saparovna