LITERATURE REVIEW: PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates known as Lewy bodies. Clinically, the disease presents with cardinal motor symptoms such as resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity, while a wide range of non-motor manifestations—including cognitive impairment, autonomic dysfunction, sleep disturbances, and mood disorders—often precede motor onset. Modern therapeutic strategies are primarily symptomatic and aim to restore dopaminergic transmission through pharmacological treatments or deep brain stimulation. Despite significant advances, no current therapy effectively halts or reverses neurodegeneration. Ongoing research focuses on biomarkers, genetic mechanisms, immunotherapies targeting α-synuclein, and neuroprotective approaches to modify disease progression.