HE CAUSES AND TREATMENT OF MYOPIA IN CHILDREN
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Abstract
This scientific article is dedicated to comprehensively covering the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and modern approaches to the treatment and prevention of myopia (nearsightedness) in children. Myopia is one of the most common refractive errors in childhood, characterized by the focusing of an image in front of the retina due to the elongation of the anterior-posterior axis of the eyeball or an increase in the eye's optical refractive power beyond the norm. The article analyzes the main factors influencing the development of myopia—hereditary predisposition, biological factors during the prenatal and postnatal periods, prolonged close-up work, excessive use of digital technologies, poorly lit environments, lack of physical activity, and non-compliance with visual hygiene—based on scientific sources. It also highlights the pathological changes that occur in the fundus in progressive forms of myopia and their negative impact on visual acuity. The abstract emphasizes the importance of early detection of myopia and the necessity of regular ophthalmological screening in preschool and school-aged children. The significance of examination methods such as refractometry, visometry, and ophthalmoscopy in the diagnostic process is indicated. The role of optical correction using individually selected glasses and contact lenses, instrumental physiotherapeutic procedures, eye muscle strengthening exercises, pharmacological agents, and surgical interventions in severe and complicated cases are analyzed as treatment and control measures. Furthermore, the article pays special attention to complex prophylactic measures aimed at preventing myopia—normalizing visual load, maintaining the correct distance during reading and writing, increasing active outdoor movement, fostering a healthy lifestyle, and increasing the responsibility of parents and educators. The research results have significant scientific and practical importance in reducing the prevalence of myopia in children, early detection of the disease, and developing effective treatment strategies.
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