THE RELEVANCE OF PRETERM BIRTH IN MODERN OBSTETRICS

Abstract

Preterm labor is the premature termination of pregnancy during the gestational period from the 22nd to the 37th week of pregnancy. Taking into account the gestational age of the fetus, we divide premature labor into 3 periods: 1) from the 22nd to the 27th week, 2) from the 28th to the 33rd week, 3) from the 34th to the 37th week. Taking into account the labor processes that occur, the following reasons are considered risk factors for this process: socio-biological external extracorporeal factors (deficiency in alimentary nutrition, excessive consumption of caffeine-rich drinks, drinking and smoking of narcotic substances, mental stress processes, traumas, radioactive radiation associated with work). Obstetrics and gynecological history (very young mother, not physically ready for motherhood or older mothers, history of premature births, frequent spontaneous abortions, multiple pregnancies, complicated obstetric history), extragenital diseases (diabetes mellitus, pyelonephritis, myopia, peripheral vascular varicose veins, obesity, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, urogenital diseases, viral diseases), pregnancy complications (gestational hypertension, eclampsia, preeclampsia, placenta previa, placental abruption, placental insufficiency, excessive or insufficient amniotic fluid, breech presentation, cervical insufficiency, uterine malformation). Fetoplacental insufficiency is a complex of morphofunctional diseases of the placenta that develop due to various extragenital and gynecological pathologies of the fetus and placenta, as well as complications of pregnancy. Primary insufficiency occurs in the early stages of pregnancy (16-18 weeks), during the formation of the placenta and during organogenesis under the influence of infectious viral, bacterial diseases, endocrine, iatrogenic factors. Secondary fetoplacental insufficiency develops with an initially normally formed placenta, under the influence of maternal factors or complications of pregnancy.