MODERN APPROACHES TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55640/Keywords:
Parkinson’s disease, dopamine deficiency, bradykinesia, resting tremor, basal ganglia, levodopa therapy, deep brain stimulation, neurodegeneration, motor symptoms, non-motor symptomsAbstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized primarily by motor dysfunction and a wide range of non-motor symptoms. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease and represents a significant public health challenge due to its increasing prevalence, particularly among the aging population. The disease is mainly caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia circuitry. This neurochemical imbalance results in classical motor manifestations such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. In addition to motor symptoms, non-motor features including cognitive impairment, depression, autonomic dysfunction, sleep disorders, and sensory abnormalities significantly affect patients’ quality of life.
Recent advances in neuroscience have improved the understanding of Parkinson’s disease pathophysiology, enabling the development of more effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. While no curative treatment currently exists, modern management focuses on symptom control, slowing disease progression, and improving functional independence. Pharmacological therapies such as levodopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, and COMT inhibitors remain the cornerstone of treatment. Moreover, non-pharmacological interventions, including deep brain stimulation, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and lifestyle modifications, have demonstrated significant benefits in selected patients.
This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Parkinson’s disease, focusing on its clinical manifestations and contemporary treatment approaches. Through analysis of current literature and evidence-based practices, this paper highlights the importance of early diagnosis, individualized treatment strategies, and multidisciplinary care. Understanding modern therapeutic options is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes and addressing the complex needs of individuals living with Parkinson’s disease.
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