MODERN TREATMENT OF HERPES VIRUS INFECTION AND PROBLEMS OF RESISTANCE TO ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20514387Keywords:
Herpes simplex virus, HSV-1, HSV-2, antiviral therapy, acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir, antiviral resistance, latent infection, relapse, CRISPR-Cas9, therapeutic vaccines, immunomodulation, epigenetic therapy, mRNA vaccines, herpetic encephalitis, neonatal herpesAbstract
This article comprehensively analyzes modern treatment methods for infections caused by Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2), the problem of antiviral drug resistance, and promising therapeutic approaches. Herpes infection is one of the most widespread chronic viral diseases worldwide, characterized by the lifelong persistence of the virus in nerve ganglia in a latent state, which significantly complicates complete eradication of the infection. The article discusses the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and principles of use of major antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir, as well as issues related to the emergence of resistant viral strains. In addition, modern scientific data on immunomodulators, therapeutic vaccines, mRNA technologies, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing systems, epigenetic regulation, and novel treatment strategies based on natural antiviral compounds are presented.
Downloads
References
1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book: Herpes Simplex. 2021.
2. Aubert M, et al. In vivo disruption of latent HSV by CRISPR-Cas9. JCI Insight. 2016;1(14):e88684.
3. Bloom DC, Giordani NV, Kwiatkowski DL. Epigenetic regulation of HSV latency. J Virol. 2010;84(20):10454-10463.
4. CDC. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines. MMWR. 2021.
5. Corey L, Wald A, Patel R, et al. Valacyclovir suppression of HSV-2 transmission. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(9):668-674.
6. Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM. Fields Virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2021.
7. Gaby AR. Natural remedies for herpes simplex. Altern Med Rev. 2006;11(2):93-101.
8. Gebhardt T, Wakim LM, Eidsmo L, et al. Memory T cells in tissue immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(10):695-704.
9. Griffith RS, Norins AL, Kagan C. Lysine therapy in herpes simplex infections. Dermatologica. 1987;175(4):183-190.
10. Kimberlin DW, Whitley RJ. Neonatal herpes. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(17):1809-1816.
11. Koch C, Reichling J, Schneele J, Schnitzler P. Antiviral activity of flavonoids against HSV. Antiviral Res. 2021;192:105102.
12. Piret J, Boivin G. Antiviral resistance in herpes simplex virus infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(6):654-662.
13. Roizman B, Knipe DM, Whitley RJ. Herpes simplex viruses. Fields Virology. 7th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2021.
14. Schnitzler P, Schuhmacher A, Astani A, Reichling J. Melissa officinalis oil against HSV infection. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(9):734-740.
15. Spruance SL, Tyring SK, DeGregorio B, et al. Famciclovir for recurrent HSV infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41(2):359-365.
16. Srivastava R, et al. Therapeutic vaccines for HSV infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(10):2414-2428.
17. van Diemen FR, Lebbink RJ. CRISPR-Cas systems for herpesvirus infections. Curr Opin Virol. 2021;50:45-52.
18. Wald A, Timmler B, Magaret A, et al. Helicase-primase inhibitor pritelivir for HSV-2 infection. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:201-210.
19. Whitley RJ, Roizman B. Herpes simplex virus infections. Lancet. 2001;357(9267):1513-1518.
20. World Health Organization. Herpes simplex virus. Fact sheet. 2023
21. Piperi, E., Papadopoulou, E., Georgaki, M., Dovrat, S., Bar Illan, M., Nikitakis, N. G., & Yarom, N. (2024). Management of oral herpes simplex virus infections: The problem of resistance. A narrative review. Oral Diseases, 30, 877–894. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14635
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.

Germany
United States of America
Italy
United Kingdom
France
Canada
Uzbekistan
Japan
Republic of Korea
Australia
Spain
Switzerland
Sweden
Netherlands
China
India