MECHANISMS OF DENTAL CARIES DEVELOPMENT AND MODERN PREVENTIVE METHODS

Abstract

This article examines the mechanisms of dental caries development and evaluates modern preventive methods based on current scientific knowledge. Dental caries is described as a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction between cariogenic microorganisms, dietary habits, host factors, and environmental influences. Particular attention is given to the role of acid-producing bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, which contribute to the demineralization of enamel and dentin. The study highlights the importance of the dynamic balance between demineralization and remineralization in determining the progression or reversal of carious lesions. Key protective factors, including saliva and fluoride, are analyzed for their role in maintaining oral health. Additionally, the impact of dietary patterns, especially frequent sugar consumption, is discussed as a major risk factor. Modern preventive strategies such as fluoride therapy, fissure sealants, antimicrobial agents, oral hygiene practices, and patient education are evaluated for their effectiveness. The importance of minimally invasive dentistry and early diagnostic approaches is also emphasized. In conclusion, the integration of biological understanding and preventive measures is essential for effective caries management and for reducing the global burden of dental diseases.