INTEGRATED NEUTRALIZATION-PRECIPITATION APPROACH FOR HEAVY METAL REMOVAL FROM METAL-CONTAINING INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
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Abstract
Industrial wastewater generated by chemical and metallurgical processes often contains elevated concentrations of heavy metals, posing serious environmental and technological challenges. This study investigates the efficiency and mechanism of pH-controlled neutralization combined with hydroxide precipitation for the treatment of metal-containing industrial wastewater. Wastewater samples originating from different chemical production units were analyzed using ICP-OES and XRF techniques to determine their elemental composition before and after treatment. Neutralization was performed within the pH range of 6.5–8.5 to promote the precipitation of poorly soluble metal hydroxides. The results demonstrate a substantial reduction in the concentrations of copper, zinc, iron, nickel, lead, and cadmium after treatment. Copper and iron were identified as dominant components in the precipitated solid phase, while iron hydroxides played a crucial role in enhancing the removal of other metals through coprecipitation and adsorption mechanisms. Removal efficiencies exceeding 90% were achieved for the most toxic metals, ensuring significant detoxification of the treated effluent. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy confirmed the formation of stable Cu–Zn–Fe-rich hydroxide phases in the solid residues. The proposed treatment approach enables simultaneous reduction of environmental risks and concentration of valuable metals into a solid form suitable for further stabilization or recovery. Overall, the findings provide a scientific basis for the development of integrated, resource-efficient technologies for industrial wastewater treatment and sustainable water management.
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